1. How will I know if I am learning? By the end of the lesson… E Will be able to explain what insomnia, Narcolepsy and Sleepwalking are C Will be to give explanations for each of the disorders A Will be able analyse research that support/challenge the different explanations

2. Starter You are suffering from a sleep disorder – describe your symptoms (write them down) 2mins Pass your symptoms along 4 people Now diagnose the patient who has been passed to you– how will you treat this client? Why? Essay Questions Outline and evaluate explanations of two or more sleep disorders (24 Marks)

3. Disorders of Sleep “Outline and Evaluate explanations of one or more sleep disorders” (24 marks) Insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep Walking

4. Insomnia AO2 Speilman and Glovinsky distinguished between risk factors that predispose, precipitate of perpetuate insomnia. Genetic factors predispose an individual (nature) Environmental stressors (Nurture) trigger primary insomnia (diathesis stress model) Perpetuating factors include expectations of having difficulty sleeping. (Self fulfilling prophecy) Insomnia Primary/Secondary Risk Factors- Age and gender, Sleep Apnoea (other parasomnias) Personality

5. Insomnia AO2 Predisposing factors -genetic vulnerability. Evidence from twin studies Watson et al (2006) And also physiological factors-e.g. more likely to experience hyperarousal (Bonnet and Arand 1995), also explains why only some people develop insomnia due to stress jet lag and so on. Insomnia Primary/Secondary Risk Factors- Age and gender, Sleep Apnoea (other parasomnias) Personality

6. Insomnia AO2 Perpetuating factors are also important- (factors that maintain insomnia when the original cause (e.g. stress) have gone), include being tense because of previous sleep problems. Espie (2002) suggests perpetuating factors are the key to chronic insomnia. Insomnia Primary/Secondary Risk Factors- Age and gender, Sleep Apnoea (other parasomnias) Personality

7. Insomnia AO2 Chronic insomnia-is highly complex and unlikely to be explained by one single factor. The large number of factors make it hard to conduct meaningful research because studies find only small effects. In addition, there are so many different causes, age, gender and so on, so it is difficult to draw any firm conclusions. Insomnia Primary/Secondary Risk Factors- Age and gender, Sleep Apnoea (other parasomnias) Personality

8. Insomnia AO2 Treatment- Focus on factors which perpetuate or maintain insomnia. Recommendations for treatment include relaxation techniques and improving sleep hygiene. Photothereapy can also be used Psychological therapy-attribution therapy, sleep restriction, reconditioning Insomnia Primary/Secondary Risk Factors- Age and gender, Sleep Apnoea (other parasomnias) Personality

9. Explanations for Narcolepsy Evidence for The REM hypothesis Vogel (1960) observed sleep patterns during narcoleptic episodes in one patient and found (as predicted) that REM patterns were present at the beginning of each episode. Siegel (1999) recorded activity in brainstem of narcoleptic dogs and found the same activity during cataplexy as found in REM sleep. However… generally research support has not been convincing. Narcolepsy REM hypothesis HLA Hypocretin

10. Explanations for Narcolepsy HLA Possibly linked to a mutation of the immune system. Honda et al (1983) found increased frequency of one type of human leukocyte antigen in narcoleptics. However..unlikely to be the sole explanation as HLA mutation was found in some but not ALL narcoleptics and also common in the general population (Mignot et al 1997) Narcolepsy REM hypothesis HLA Hypocretin

11. Explanations for Narcolepsy Hypocretin 1990s American research team found that mice who could not make the neurotransmitter called hypocretin (aka orexin) displayed sleep attacks and cataplexy Lin et al (1999) found some strains of dogs (Labradors & Dobermans) also exhibited narcolepsy following excitement. The researchers identified a mutant gene on chromosome 12 in the dogs which affects neurons that secrete hypocretin. hypocretin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of narcoleptics are v low and narcoleptics have lost 90% of hypocretin-secreting neurons from the hypothalamus (Nishino 2000) Narcolepsy REM hypothesis HLA Hypocretin

12. Unlikely to be due to inherited factors In dogs it appears to be a single mutant gene. But in humans the concordance rate for identical twins is only 30% so other factors must play a role e.g. Hormonal changes, infection, trauma or auto immune attack(Mignot 1998) AIDS? Narcolepsy REM hypothesis HLA Hypocretin

13. Sleepwalking AO2 GABA system Olivero (2008) found that the brains motor system is inhibited in NREM sleep This is regulated by GABA (neurotransmitter) The system that produces GABA is underdeveloped in children Sleep Walking Incomplete arousal Other factors Children

14. SleepWalking AO2A.I.Ds Nature & Nurture Can be explained by the Diathesis-Stress model Genetic basis for SW Prevalence of SW in first degree relatives is 10X greater than the general population (Broughton 1968) 50% concordance in MZ twins compared with only 15% in DZ twins Gene identified for sleep walking (DQB1*05 gene) Environmental component Maturity of brain circuits-immaturity leads to SW Amount of SWS e.g. factors such as sleep deprivation increase SWS so SW becomes more likely Being a child is related to all of above (immature and high levels of SWS) Sleep Walking Incomplete arousal Other factors Children

15. A.I.Ds Real World Application Research has suggested a way to diagnose vulnerability to sleep walking. 40 patients referred to a clinic for suspected SW were observed before and after 25 hours of sleep deprivation. Before sleep deprivation 50% of the patients showed episodes of SW and after it rose to 90%. Sleep Walking Incomplete arousal Other factors Children

16. A.I.Ds Real World application Cases of murder Is a person really sleepwalking? E.g. Jules Lowe killed his father & Brian Thomas killed his wife Sleep Walking Incomplete arousal Other factors Children

17. How will I know if I am learning? By the end of the lesson… E Will be able to identify how the marks are awarded for A01, A02, A03 in a 24 mark question. C Will be able to explain how to structure a 24 mark essay. A Will be able apply knowledge of formation theories to answer an exam question.

18. Look at the mark scheme for a 24 marker and answer the questions.. Key Term What it means in the context of the mark scheme Knowledge and Understanding Showing that you understand the material Evaluation and Commentary Critical commentary of the material including use of studies and synoptic A02 points. Range / BreadthHave you presented and explained a good variety of points? Depth/ Detailed Have you fully explained all your points in detail to show the ‘depth’ of your understanding? Elaboration! Well Structured /Coherent Have you structured your arguments in a clear logical order? Does it flow? Have you made links and used connectives?

19. Look at the mark scheme for a 24 marker and answer the questions.. Key Term What it means in the context of the mark scheme Accurate/ Relevant You have selected the correct material to answer the question. Issues, Debates & Approaches This is your synoptic A02 (IDA). TerminologyHave you used the psychological key terms and if so, have you used them correctly? Punctuation, Grammar & Spelling The quality of your English is also assessed. Superficial/ Rudimentary AVOID THIS AT ALL COSTS. Your work is superficial or rudimentary if your explanation doesn’t adequately show that you understand. Elaborate and explain to show the examiner what you mean!

20. Look at the mark scheme for a 24 marker and answer the questions.. POINTMake your point. EVIDENCESupport it with psychological research. EXPLAINExplain what the research shows or suggests. This suggests that….. LINKLink it back to your point or the question. This supports the…..because

21. The key to effective AO2 is the way you introduce the point. So you might say 'One study that supports this points is Harlow's research...' However if you then DESCRIBE the study there would only be minimal AO2 credit. ……there is nothing that is AO2. But you can make any piece of information AO2 if you USE it to make an evaluation point. And the key is the top and tail - top by using a connective and tail by ending with a sentence 'so this shows that‘. Methodological issues are creditworthy as AO2 BUT 1. These must be contextualised. 2. The criticism must be linked back to the theory that is being criticised rather than just to the study. To be honest for Grade E students anything helps even just saying 'This study lacked ecological validity'. But Grade A students have to do contextualisation and appropriate linking to theory to get those higher marks.

22. Look at the mark scheme for a 24 marker and answer the questions.. Create two PEEL’s of your own. Create one PEEL for Insomnia and one for Narcolepsy Be prepared to share yours later!

23. “ Outline and Evaluate explanations of one or more sleep disorders” (24 marks (24 Marks, A01 = 8 marks, A02/A03 = 16 marks) In a moment you are going to plan an answer to the above question. You will then be doing a timed essay