1. Chapter 11
Sex and Gender

2. Section 1: Gender vs Sex

3. Gender Stereotypes Men Women
strong, rational, dominant, independent, less concerned with appearance
Women
weak, emotional, nurturing, dependent, anxious about appearance

4. How Much Do You Know About Body Image and Gender?
True or False?
Most people have an accurate perception of their physical appearance.

5. How Much Do You Know About Body Image and Gender?
False
Many people do not have a very accurate perception of their bodies.
For example, many girls and women think of themselves as “fat” when they are not.
Some boys and men believe that they need a well-developed chest and arm muscles, broad shoulders, and a narrow waist.

6. How Much Do You Know About Body Image and Gender?
True or False?
Physical attractiveness is a more central part of self-concept for women than for men.

7. How Much Do You Know About Body Image and Gender?
True.
Women have been socialized to believe that being physically attractive is very important. Studies have found that weight and body shape are the central determinants of women’s perception of their physical attractiveness.

8. Sex Biological differences between females and males.
Same in all societies
At birth, infants are distinguished by primary sex characteristics

9. Secondary Sex Characteristics
At puberty, hormones result in development of secondary sex characteristics

10. Gender
Culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs,
“femininity” and “masculinity.”
Gender is embedded in the images, ideas, and language of a society.

11. Gender
Gender role referred to attitudes, behavior, and activities appropriate for each sex
Gender socialization – learning to act how we’re “supposed to act.”
Gender identity is a person’s perception of the self as female or male.

12. Parents and Gender Socialization
Children's clothing and toys reflect their parents' gender expectations.
Children are often assigned household tasks according to gender.

13. Peers and Gender Socialization
Peers help children learn gender-appropriate and inappropriate behavior.
During adolescence, peers often are more effective at gender socialization than adults.
College student peers play an important role in career choices and the establishment of long term, intimate relationships.

14. Schools and Gender Socialization
Teachers provide messages about gender through classroom assignments and informal interactions with students.
Teachers may unintentionally show favoritism toward one gender over the other, this is called, gender bias.

15. Sports and Gender Socialization
From elementary school through high school
For many males, sports is a training ground for masculinity.

16. Mass Media and Gender Socialization
On television:
Male characters typically are more aggressive, constructive, and direct.
Females are deferential toward others or use manipulation to get their way.

17. Question
If you could temporarily be the other gender, how long would you like to do so? What would you do?

18. Question
Who has an easier life, men or women? Why?

19. Section 2: Sexual Orientation

20. Androgyny The combination of masculine and feminine characteristics.
Found in fashion, gender identity, sexual identity, or sexual lifestyle.
It can also refer to biological intersex physicality, especially with regard to plant and human sexuality.

21. Sexual Orientation
Refers to preference for emotional–sexual relationships with :
The opposite sex - heterosexuality
The same sex - homosexuality
Both sexes – bisexuality

22. Sexual Orientation
Homosexual and gay are most often used with males who prefer same-sex relationships.
Lesbian is used in association with females who prefer same-sex relationships.

23. Homophobia
Extreme prejudice directed at gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others who are perceived as not being heterosexual.

24. Section 3: Sexism & the Women’s Movement

25. Sexism
Sexism – set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values used to justify gender inequality
Patriarchy - cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.
Matriarchy - cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by women.

26. Sexism toward Women Three components: Negative attitudes toward women.
Stereotypical beliefs that reinforce, complement, or justify the prejudice.
Discrimination - acts that exclude, distance, or keep women separate.

27. Question
It is much better for everyone involved if the man is the achiever outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and family.

28. The Women’s Movement
Began in the 1800s with the move toward women’s suffrage
19th amendment achieved after WWI
1920s flappers changed America’s ideas on women’s behavior and fashion
Title IX gave women equal opportunities in any federally funded sport or educational program

29. Today
Glass ceiling
Underrepresentation in politics & management positions
Wage gap
Second shift

30. Question
It’s much better for everyone involved in the wife takes the husband’s name in marriage.

31. Question
Sometimes women are the cause of the negative stereotypes and pressure they’re put up against. What if someone says, “she was just asking to get raped.” Is that ever plausible?

32. Objectification of Women
Sex symbols
Passive
Dress / behavior
Take husband’s name
Accept stereotypes
Don’t pursue careers in male dominated fields

33. Consequences of Objectification
Eating disorders
Negative self-image
Sexual violence
Backlash from rights
Pressure to dress / behavior a certain way

34. Quick Quiz

35. Primary sex characteristics are:
genitalia.
ones that are most important in a relationship.
clothing that a person wears.
characteristics such as facial hair and tone of voice that are obvious when meeting someone.

36. Answer: a
Primary sex characteristics are genitalia.

37. Extreme prejudice against gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and non-heterosexuals is:
thesbianophobia
xenophobia
homophobia
agoraphobia

38. Answer: c
Extreme prejudice against gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and non-heterosexuals is homophobia.

39. Body consciousness is:
how a person perceives and feels about his or her body
how a person imagines others feel about his or her body
recognizing reality outside the individual experience
recognizing how society shapes our perceptions of what beauty is.

40. Answer: a
Body consciousness is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body.

41. Pay gap refers to:
the disparity that exists between earnings of individuals based on age.
the disparity between classes of people in earned income.
the disparity that exists in earnings between males and females.
the disparity that exists between various racial and ethnic group income.

42. Answer: c
Pay gap refers to the disparity that exists in earnings between males and females.

43. Gender socialization typically stops once one discontinues attending school.
False.
True.

44. Answer: a
Gender socialization does not typically stop once one discontinues attending school.

45. At what age are gender roles usually set by?