1. Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach 7/e
James M. Henslin
Chapter Two: Culture
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Language, Beliefs, Values, Norms, Behavior Passed from One Generation to the Next
Material vs. Nonmaterial Cultures
What is Culture?
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Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations
What is Normal, Natural, or Usual?
The Culture Within Us
Culture as Lens
Culture Shock
Ethnocentrism
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Other Cultures
Thailand
Trinidad
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Understanding Cultures on Their Own Terms
“Sick Cultures”
Confronting Contrasting Views of Reality
Practicing Cultural Relativism
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Gestures
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Gestures
Language
Components of Symbolic Culture
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Allows Human Experience to be Cumulative
Provides a Social or Shared Past
Provides a Social or Shared Future
Allows Shared Perspectives
Allows Complex, Shared, Goal-Directed Behavior
Language and Culture
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Language and Perception: Sapir-Whorf
Language Has Embedded Within It Ways of Looking at the World
Sapir-Whorf Reverses Common Sense
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Values—What is Desirable in Life
Norms—Expectations or Rules for Behavior
Sanctions—Reaction to Following or Breaking Norms
Positive Sanctions
Negative Sanctions
Values, Norms, and Sanctions
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Folkways—Norms not Strictly Enforced
Mores—Core Values: We Insist on Conformity
Folkways and Mores
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Subculture—A World Within the Dominant Culture
Countercultures—Groups With Norms and Values at Odds With the Dominant Culture
Subcultures and Countercultures
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13. Values in U.S. Society Achievement and Success Progress Equality
Individualism
Material Comfort
Racism and Group Superiority
Activity and Work
Humanitarianism
Education
Efficiency and Practicality
Freedom
Religiosity
Science and Technology
Democracy
Romantic Love
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Values in U.S. Society
Achievement and Success
Individualism
Activity and Work
Efficiency and Practicality
Science and Technology
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Values in U.S. Society
Progress
Material Comfort
Humanitarianism
Freedom
Democracy
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Values in U.S. Society
Equality
Racism and Group Superiority
Education
Religiosity
Romantic Love
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Value Contradictions and Social Change
“It is precisely at the point of value contradictions, then, that one can see a major force for social change in a society.”
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Leisure
Self-fulfillment
Physical Fitness
Youthfulness
Concern for the Environment
Emerging Values
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Culture Wars: When Values Clash
Value as Blinders
“Ideal” vs. “Real” Culture
Values and Culture
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Some Activities are Universal—Courtship, Marriage, Funerals, Games, etc.
Specific Customs Associated with Activities Differ Between Groups
Cultural Universals
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Controversial View of Human Behavior
Biology Cause of Human Behavior
Charles Darwin and Natural Selection
Sociologists and Social Biologists on Opposite Sides
Sociobiology
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The New Technology—New Tools
Cultural Lag and Cultural Change
Technology and Cultural Leveling
Technology in the Global Village
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