1. OPTION E E3 INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR

2. E3.1 D ISTINGUISH BETWEEN INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR.  Instinctive – genetically based  Based on experience  Not modified by the individual  Modified by trial and error  Uniform through population  Variation within population  Unaffected by environment  Affected by environment  Beneficial behaviors are  Capacity to learn may be product of natural selection  e.g. suckling in newborns  e.g. foraging migration of blackcaps response to predators hunting instinct Innate Behavior Learned Behavior http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5G6ZR5lJgTI Human facial expressions

3. T AXI S Plural, taxes An innate directional movement toward (positive) or away from (negative) some stimulus. E3.2 D ESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.

4. Paramecia are model species for innate behavior studies: ex: positive thermotaxis = move toward warmer areas of water positive chemotaxis = move toward acids released by bacteria (their food) negative chemotaxis = avoid high concentrations of harmful chemicals E3.2 D ESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS. T AXI S

5. KINESIS Plural, kineses An innate nondirectional movement in response to a stimulus. May be merely starting or stopping, changing speed, or turning more or less frequently. E3.2 D ESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.

6. KINESIS Orthokinesis in pillbugs (Porcello scaber) Speed of movement altered as response to stimulus Temperature of testing chamber is adjusted and behavior is measured Floor of chamber has grid Movement is video recorded for controlled time E3.2 D ESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.

7. KINESIS Orthokinesis in pillbugs (Porcello scaber) Video played back, with number of squares crossed counted as movement in the time period Orthokinetic value calculated as number of squares crossed per second (mean of six runs) E3.2 D ESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.

8. KINESIS Klinokinesis in pillbugs (Porcello scaber) Rate of turning altered as response to stimulus Same as orthokinesis, but with number of turns per unit time as the basis for calculation E3.2 D ESIGN EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES, INCLUDING EITHER A TAXIS OR A KINESIS.

9. In this investigation, pillbugs (P. scaber) were given a choice chamber test. One chamber contained moist filter paper, the other dry. E3.3 A NALYZE DATA FROM INVERTEBRATE BEHAVIOR EXPERIMENTS IN TERMS OF THE EFFECT ON CHANCES OF SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION.

10. In the sample data, the overall movement of pillbugs to the moist chamber. When the experiment is repeated, results are consistent. Those innate behaviors that are favorable (such as finding moisture) give an individual a survival and reproductive advantage. As innate behaviors are genetic, they are passed on, and proliferate in the population. E3.3 A NALYZE DATA FROM INVERTEBRATE BEHAVIOR EXPERIMENTS IN TERMS OF THE EFFECT ON CHANCES OF SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION.

11. E3.4 D ISCUSS HOW THE PROCESS OF LEARNING CAN IMPROVE THE CHANCE OF SURVIVAL.  Innate behaviors are inherited from parents as genes. They develop by natural selection and thus are suited to better adapted species to its environment. Therefore, they increase an animal’s chances for survival.  Learned behaviors develop as a result of experience. They enable animals to change their behaviors in response to changing environmental conditions. This increases the chance of survival by learning new behavioral patterns. While learned behavior itself is not passed on through genetics, the ability to learn may be. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpgCQj-sgqk&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXQAgzfwuNQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXQAgzfwuNQ The intelligence of crow http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nh9XL08Akwchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nh9XL08Akwc Chimpanzee tool use

12. E3.5 OUTLINE P AVLOV ’ S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS.

13. Classical conditioning is a method of associative learning. Ivan Pavlov trained dogs to alter their response to a stimulus, based on the dogs’ expected outcomes of the behavior. Classical conditioning results in an automatic response to a stimulus (e.g. a bell ring) E3.5 OUTLINE P AVLOV ’ S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS.

15. Unconditioned response - automatic response to a stimulus (i.e. food causes salivation) Neutral stimulus - does not elicit response (i.e. bell does not cause salivation) Conditioning - neutral and unconditioned stimuli applied together (i.e. dog associates bell with food, and salivates) Conditioned stimulus and response - Ringing the bell results in salivation, even without food present.

16. E3.5 OUTLINE P AVLOV ’ S EXPERIMENTS INTO CONDITIONING OF DOGS. Operant conditioning is another conditioning method proposed by BF Skinner Positive Reinforcement: Reward desired behavior Negative Reinforcement: Removal of positive reinforcement Punishment: rats and pigeons were trained to push levers and perform actions to receive food rewards. An electrical shock punished incorrect actions.

17. E3.6 O UTLINE THE ROLE OF INHERITANCE AND LEARNING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIRDSONG IN YOUNG BIRDS. Birdsong is a strong indicator of reproductive fitness. Birdsong development is due to both innate and learned behavior. This leads to sexual selection – usually the female selects mates based on their perceived levels of reproductive fitness. The basis of much birdsong is inherited, though needs to be refined with learning. Example: lyre bird’s ability to mimic any sound in its environment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjE0Kdfos4Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjE0Kdfos4Y The amazing lyre bird

18. E3.6 O UTLINE THE ROLE OF INHERITANCE AND LEARNING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIRDSONG IN YOUNG BIRDS. Bird usually hatch with a template song that prevents them from learning from the wrong species. Imprinting takes place in the sensitive period early in the development (associative learning). By listening and practicing the calls of the adult birds, the chick modifies its song to “fit”. One reason why captive birds are not reproductively successful in the wild is that they have not been imprinted with the correct mature song.