1. How to make more strikes in Bowling
Solution: polyurethane coverstock replaces polyester coverstocks

2. Problem: How to make more strikes
Using a bowling ball with a plastic or polyester cover results in fewer strikes
With the polyester balls there is not enough friction between the ball and the lane so the ball skids too close to the pins or cannot make a large enough hook.

3. Solution: polyurethane coverstock on bowling balls
First introduced in the 1980’s by AMF (American Machine and Foundry)
‘Angle’ was the first urethane bowling ball approved by the American Bowling Congress (Jowdy)

4. Solution: How it works The polyurethane is softer than polyester
This increases the friction between the ball and bowling lane
Increased friction = increased adhesion between the polyurethane and the bowling lane = increased hook potential
A hook increases the chance of a strike because the ball hits the pins at an angle
A hook occurs when the ball does not roll straight but instead ´hooks´ to the left or right.

5. Why is a hook important?
“Bowlers who create an entry angle close to 90 degrees (meaning the ball enters the pocket perpendicular to the 1 and 3 pins for righties or 1 and 2 pins for lefties) throw a lot more strikes than bowlers who don't. “ (Goodger)

6. Evidence
Comparing the blue and green lines shows that the urethane coated ball will cross more lanes that a polyester ball This increases the chance of having the ball hook into the pins at a 90o angle

7. Evidence
Comparing the blue and brown lines shows that the urethane coated ball will hook at a higher angle into the pins than the polyester/plastic ball
(Cotter, 2008)

8. Plastic versus urethane coverstock hook potential
The higher the number the higher the hook potential of the ball
Plastic coverstock bowling balls score between 0 and 75
Polyurethane coverstock bowling balls score above 75
(The Perfect Scale)

9. Interaction: economics
Plastic bowling balls range from $20 to $50 (Goodger, J. and R. Carruba)
Most urethane bowling balls start at $100 (How Much Does a Bowling Ball Cost)
Urethane bowling balls are more durable than plastic
Urethane bowling balls are made of softer material, are able to flex more when rolled, have less chance of cracking.
(San Diego plastics, Inc.)

10. Interaction: economics
For beginners, plastic bowling balls are more appropriate because they are cheaper and can still withstand the drops and rolls of bowling
For the more experienced bowler and someone who would like to improve urethane bowling balls provide durability with long lasting life.

11. What I googled: with each web site I found additional words to use in my searches
For the problem:
Disadvantages of polyurethane bowlingballs
For the solution: I used both the web and Bilder (images) pages
Technological advances in bowling
History of polyurethane bowlingballs
Advantages of polyurethane bowlingballs
Physics of polyurethane bowling balls
What is a hook in bowling
how many more strikes using a urethane bowling ball
NPS score and bowling balls

12. What I googled: with each web site I found additional words to use in my searches
For the Interaction
I looked up regulations of bowling balls and coverstocks – not much help
Each top bowling ball company and where their bowling balls are manufactured – interesting but again not much help
Average cost of plastic and polyester bowling balls
Durometer of plastic and polyester bowling balls

13. Resources
Admin. Bowling Ball Terms. BowlersParadise.com, 22 May Web. 09 Sept
"Bowling Ball Illustration." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 09 Jan Web. 21 Sept
Carruba, Rich. "Bowling Ball Evolution." Bowlingball.com. Web. 30 Aug
Carruba, Rich. "Price Ranges Of Bowling Balls." Bowlingball.com. Web. 22 Sept
Clifton, Ron. "Ron Clifton's Coaching Articles." (Hook Image). Bowlercentral.com, 4 Mar Web. 30 Aug
Cotter, Ed. "Lane Transition - Part 1." Bowler 2 Bowler. Worldpress.com, 14 Dec Web. 09 Sept
Goodger, Jef. "Bowling Myth - Throwing a Hook Makes You a Great Bowler." About Sports. Web. 08 Sept
Goodger, Jef. "How to Choose the Right Bowling Ball for Your Game." About.com. Web. 22 Sept
"How Bowling Ball Is Made." How Products Are Made. Advameg Inc., Web. 30 Aug

14. Resources
"Pinsetters and Polyurethane: The Technology of Bowling." GoBowling.com, 6 Mar Web. 08 Sept
"Plastic Vs. Urethane Bowling Balls." Bowlingball.com. Web. 30 Aug
"Polyurethane." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 09 Sept Web. 09 Sept
Ryan, Lois. "Bowling Innovation in Technology." Sporting Life, 27 Aug Web. 30 Aug
San Diego Plastics, Inc. "POLYURETHANE." Web. 22 Sept
Schauland, Derek, and O. Wallace. "How Does Friction Affect the Motion of a Bowling Ball?" WiseGeek, 22 Aug Web. 30 Aug
Siefers, Nick. "Bowling Ball Shell Chemistry 101." International Tenpin Bowling Coaches Association, 26 Jan Web. 30 Aug
"Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition." Entry Angle Illustration. IHS Globalspec, 29 Feb Web. 08 Sept

15. Resources
"How Much Does a Bowling Ball Cost? | HowMuchIsIt.org." Howmuchisit.org. Web. 22 Sept
Jowdy, John. Bowling Execution. 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, Print.
Lamb, Kevin. "How Technology Has Changed the Game of Ten Pin Bowling." Sporting Life 360. RR Donnelley, 25 Aug Web. 08 Sept
Manfredi, Richard. "The Differences Between Bowling Balls." EHow. Demand Media, 04 July Web. 30 Aug
Mitchell, Tony. "The Chemistry of Bowling: A Short History of Bowling Balls, Lanes, Coatings, and Conditioners." Web log post. Thoughts From The Heart On The Left. 26 July Web. 09 Sept
Pearce, Chris. "How Technology Has Changed the Game of Ten Pin Bowling." Sporting Life, 30 Aug Web. 30 Aug
"The Perfect Scale® - Helping Bowlers Make Better Decisions." Bowlingball.com. Web. 31 Aug
"Physics Of Bowling." Real World Physics Problems.com. Web. 30 Aug
"Pinsetters and Polyurethane: The Technology of Bowling." GoBowling.com, 6 Mar Web. 08 Sept
"Plastic Vs. Urethane Bowling Balls." Bowlingball.com. Web. 30 Aug
"Polyurethane." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 09 Sept Web. 09 Sept
Ryan, Lois. "Bowling Innovation in Technology." Sporting Life, 27 Aug Web. 30 Aug
San Diego Plastics, Inc. "POLYURETHANE." Web. 22 Sept <
Schauland, Derek, and O. Wallace. "How Does Friction Affect the Motion of a Bowling Ball?" WiseGeek, 22 Aug Web. 30 Aug
Siefers, Nick. "Bowling Ball Shell Chemistry 101." International Tenpin Bowling Coaches Association, 26 Jan Web. 30 Aug
"Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition." Entry Angle Illustration. IHS Globalspec, 29 Feb Web. 08 Sept
Wikipedia. "Hook (bowling)." Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Aug Web. 30 Aug