1. Density Estimation Converts points to a raster The density of points in the neighborhood of a pixel No “Z” value is used ArcMap has a simple “Point Density” tool –Each pixel=number of points within radius Kernel Density is related to Kernel Smoothing but different

2. Density Estimation Simple point density: Golf courses Rockware Fail

3. Point Density in ArcMap Distance=0.3 Distance=3

4. Point Density in ArcMap Distance=10

5. Kernel Smoothing Kernel Smoothing is interpolation

6. Density Estimation Using Kernels Creates a raster from points –Weight (attribute) optional –Not really interpolation “Kernel function” applied to points near target pixel Different functions are available High parameters make a “wide” pile, small values make a “narrow” pile

7. Width of Kernel Determines smoothness of surface –narrow kernels produce bumpy surfaces –wide kernels produce smooth surfaces

8. Kernel Density in ArcGIS 10 Under Spatial Analyst -> Kernel Density The kernel function is based on the quadratic kernel function described in Silverman (1986, p. 76, equation 4.5).

9. Overview This analysis show where point features are concentrated. Estimations are based on probability “kernels” –regions around each point location containing some likelihood of point presence. The width of the kernel is based on the smoothing parameter (h) The output is often called a Utilization Distribution (UD) Grid. Methods include: minimum convex polygons, bivariate ellipses, adaptive and fixed kernels

10. Kernel Density in ArcGIS

11. Kernel Density Cell Size = 0.05 Search Radius = 0.4?

12. Kernel Density Cell Size = 0.05 Search Radius = 10

13. How to select parameters? What should the cell size be? What should the search radius be?

14. Origins of Computer Viruses

15. Origins of Email Spam

16. Kernel Density Analysis Amelia O’Connor

17. Kernel Density Output

18. Other tool extensions for kernel density: Home Range Tools Animal Movement Biotas Home Ranger 1.5 KernelHR

19. Spatial Stats Toolbox New in ArcGIS 10 Additional tools in ArcGIS 10.2 By Lauren Rosenshein

20. Hot-Spot Analysis Layer may show “hot-spot” but is it really? Z-score and P-value are required –Z-score = high or low values together? –P-value = random?

21. Hot-Spot Analysis High z-values indicate a significantly high or low value –2.5=cluster of high or low values P-value is the chance a pattern is random –0.01=probably not random

22. Hot-Spot Analysis Tool

23. Citations Bugoni, L., D'Alba, L., and Furness, R. W. (2009) Marine habitat use of wintering spectacled petrels Procellaria conspicillata, and overlap with longline fishery. Marine Ecology Progress Series 374:273-285. Mitchell, Brian R. (2007) Comparison of Programs for Fixed Kernel Home Range Analysis http://www.wildlife.org/wg/gis/newsletter/jun06/hrcompar.ht m http://www.wildlife.org/wg/gis/newsletter/jun06/hrcompar.ht m Silverman, B. W. Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1986. ArcGIS 10 resource center; Kernel Density (Spatial Analyst) http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.htm l#//009z0000000s000000.htm http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.htm l#//009z0000000s000000.htm –http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#/ Understanding_density_analysis/009z0000000w000000/http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#/ Understanding_density_analysis/009z0000000w000000/ –http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#/ /009z00000011000000.htmhttp://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#/ /009z00000011000000.htm