1. Session 1: Introduction to Geospatial Standards Why do we care about standards? Agreement on syntax, information models and interfaces lets us share information and processes. –Often not for technical brilliance (although sometimes) –For consensus and agreement

2. Relevant Standards Bodies: ISO/TC 211 Technical Committee of the International Organisation for Standardisation. ISO is a non-governmental organisation with members in each country. Responsible for the geographic information series of standards. http://www.isotc211.org/ Important standards for metadata (Session 2) and many others. Many OGC standards become ISO standards.

3. 6709:20086709:2008 - Standard representation of latitude, longitude and altitude for geographic point locations 6709/Cor 1 19129:200919129:2009 - Imagery, gridded and coverage data framework 19101:200219101:2002 - Reference model (under revision) 1913019130 - Sensor and data models for imagery and gridded data 19101-2:200819101-2:2008 - Reference model - Part 2: Imagery19131:200719131:2007 - Data product specifications 19103:200519103:2005 - Conceptual schema language (under revision) 19132:200719132:2007 - Location based services - Reference model 19104:200819104:2008 - Terminology 19133:200519133:2005 - Location based services - Tracking and navigation 19105:200019105:2000 - Conformance and testing 19134:200719134:2007 - Multimodal location based services for routing and navigation 19106:200419106:2004 - Profiles 19135:200519135:2005 - Procedures for registration of geographical information items 19107:200319107:2003 - Spatial schema19136:200719136:2007 - Geography Markup Language 19108:200219108:2002 - Temporal schema 19108/Cor 1 19137:200719137:2007 - Core profile of the spatial schema 19109:200519109:2005 - Rules for application schema 19138:200619138:2006 - Data quality measures (under revision as PT 19157) 19110:200519110:2005 - Methodology for feature cataloguing 19110 Amd 1 under development 19139:200719139:2007 - Metadata - XML schema implementation 19111:200719111:2007 - Spatial referencing by coordinates19141:2008 - Schema for moving features 19111-2:200919111-2:2009 - Spatial referencing by coordinates - Part 2: Extension for parametric value 19142 - Web Feature Service 19112:200319112:2003 - Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers19143 - Filter encoding 19113:200219113:2002 - Quality principles (under revision as PT 19157) 19144-1:2009 - Classification Systems – Part 1: Classification system structure 19114:200319114:2003 - Quality evaluation procedures (under revision as PT 19157) 19114/Cor. 1 19144-2 - Classification Systems – Part 2: Land Cover Classification System LCCS

4. 19115:200319115:2003 - Metadata (under revision) 19115/Cor. 1 19145 - Registry of representations of geographic point location 19115-2:200919115-2:2009 - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for imagery and gridded data 19146 - Cross-domain vocabulary 19116:200419116:2004 - Positioning services19147 - Transfer nodes 19117:200519117:2005 - Portrayal (under revision)19148 - Linear referencing 19118:200519118:2005 - Encoding (under revision) 19149 - Rights expression language for geographic information - GeoREL 19119:200519119:2005 - Services 19119/Amd. 1 19150 - Ontology 19120:200119120:2001 - Functional standards19151 - Logical location identification scheme 19121:200019121:2000 - Imagery and gridded data19152 - Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) 19122:200419122:2004 - Qualifications and Certification of personnel 19153 - Geospatial Digital Rignts Management Reference Model (GeoDRM RM) 19123:200519123:2005 - Schema for coverage geometry and functions 19154 - Standardization Requirements for Ubiquitous Public Access 1912419124 - Imagery and gridded data components19155 - Place Identifier (PI) Architecture 191251:2004191251:2004 - Simple feature access - Part 1: Common architecture (under revision) 19156 - Observations and measurements 19125-2:200419125-2:2004 - Simple feature access - Part 2: SQL option (under revision) 19157 - Data quality 19126:200919126:2009 - Profile - FACC Data Dictionary19158 - Quality assurance of data supply 1912:20051912:2005 - Geodetic codes and parameters19160 - Addressing 19128:200519128:2005 - Web Map server interface

5. Relevant Standards Bodies: W3C World Wide Web Consortium. International community for standards related to the web. http://www.w3.org/ Core web standards (HTML, HTTP, XHTML, SOAP). XML related standards (XML, XML Schema, XSLT, XQuery). Semantic standards (RDF, OWL, SPARQL, SKOS). Not geospatial, but used and extended in many geospatial standards.

6. Relevant Standards Bodies: OASIS Organisation for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards. International Consortium developing open standards for the global information society. http://www.oasis-open.org/home/index.php Many standards relating to interoperability. ebRIM, ebRSS. Not geospatial, but used by some geospatial standards.

7. Relevant Standards Bodies: The Open Geospatial Consortium An international consortium of universities, private companies, government agencies. Develops standards for geospatial and location based services. http://www.opengeospatial.org/ Most important body for geospatial information. Uses and adapts standards from other groups where possible. Meets quarterly (in Sydney this December)

8. The OGC Standards Framework Abstract Specifications. OpenGIS Standards. OpenGIS Reference Model. Best Practices Documents. Discussion Papers. White Papers. OGC Interoperability Experiments.

9. OGC Abstract Specifications Platform independent abstract model. Reference model for the development of OGC standards. Many become ISO/TC 211 Standards.

10. OGC Standards Process Discussion Paper Best Practices Document Specification Acceptance by Working Group Vote at TC Meeting Acceptance by full plenary at TC Meeting or eVote (>=2 implementations) Acceptance by eVote

12. Topic 0: Overview Introduction and Roadmap. Topic 10: Feature Collections Feature Instances, Feature Schema, Project Schema Topic 1: Feature Geometry ISO 19107. Topic 11: Metadata ISO 19115 (replaces topics 9 and 11) Topic 2: Spatial Referencing by Coordinates Modelling requirements for coordinate referencing. Topic 12: The OpenGIS Service Architecture ISO 19119 Topic 3: Locational Geometry Structures Abstract models for GIS technology. Topic 13: Catalog Services Topic 4: Stored Functions and Interpolation Abstract models for technology, especially coverages. Topic 14: Semantics and Information Communities Topic 5: Features Describes geographic features. Topic 15: Image Exploitation Services Topic 6: Schema for coverage geometry and functions Topic 16: Image Coordinate Transformation Topic 7: Earth Imagery ISO 19101-2, ISO 19191-2 Topic 17: Location Based Mobile Services Topic 8: Relationships between FeaturesTopic 18: Geospatial Digital Rights Management Reference Model (GeoDRM)

13. OpenGIS Standards A document, established by consensus, describing rules and guidelines for interfaces and encodings. Aimed at achieving interoperability. Implementation, not abstract. More technical, allow actual creation of the interfaces

14. OpenGIS Implementation Specification (Interface Standards) http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/is

15. Catalogue Services Specification Access to catalogue information. Multiple profiles, extension packages, discussion papers and best practice documents. Simple Features Common architecture and interfaces for access to geographic data with OLE/COM, CORBA and SQL. Coordinate Transformation Service Standard way to specify and access and coordinate transformation services. Web Coverage Service Retrieval of geospatial data as coverages (space varying phenomena). Filter Encoding XML encoding for filter expressions Web Coverage Processing Service Defines a language for retrieval and processing of multi-dimensional geospatial coverages representing sensor, image, or statistics data. Geographic Objects A set of abstractions for describing, rendering, and manipulating geographic objects Web Feature Service Retrieval of geographic object-based features. Grid Coverage Service (Retired) Raster analysis and processing. Web MapService Generation and retrieval of geo-registered map images. Open Location Services (OpenLS) Interfaces for Location Based Applications. Web Processing Service Rules for inputs and outputs from geospatial processing services. Sensor Observation Service API for deploying sensors and retrieving sensor data. Web Service Common Parameters and structures that are common to all OGC web service standards. Sensor Planning Service Interface for sensor querying.

16. OpenGIS Encoding Standards

17. CityGML Virtual 3D city and landscape models. Observations and Measurements Abstract model and XML Schema for Observations. Geography Markup Language XML grammar for geographic features. Sensor Model Language Models and XML encoding for sensors and sensor systems. Geospatial eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (GeoXACML) Styled Layer Descriptor Symobolization and colouring of geographic features in WMS. GML in JPEG 2000 Using GML with JPEG for geographic imagery. Symbology Encoding KMLTransducer Markup Language Exchange of data with sensors.

18. OGC Interoperability Experiments Projects set up by the OGC. Parties are invited to participate. No financial incentive usually. Allow you to get involved with other groups testing standards.

19. OGC Web Service Basics Set of methods or operations with: –A set of defined request parameters. –A set of defined response parameters. All have GetCapabilities (publish – find – bind). Use GET or POST.

20. Web Map Service GetMap method lets you ask for a map, specifying: –Layers and display styles –Bounding box –Image format Returns a map GetFeatureInfo lets you ask for basic attributes. Show GetCapabilities.

21. Try some example WMSs at: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/services/1gewm s.htmlhttp://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/services/1gewm s.html GetCapabilities shows you the layers GetMap shows you the map GetFeatureInfo shows some basic data.

22. Web Feature Service GetFeature method lets you query features specifying: –Feature types –Filter (attribute and spatial) –Other parameters (records to return etc). Returns GML data (more later). Also transaction methods available. Show GetCapabilities.

23. Try some example WFSs at: http://nsidc.org/data/atlas/ogc_services.ht ml#WFShttp://nsidc.org/data/atlas/ogc_services.ht ml#WFS GetCapabilities shows you the layers GetFeature returns features in GML DescribeFeatureType describes the feature type (schema).

24. Web Coverage Service GetCoverage method lets you ask for raster source data, specifying: –Coverage name –Bounding box –Image format Returns a raster image. DescribeCoverage gives you basic metadata about the coverage.

25. Filter Encoding An XML encoding for the OGC common catalogue query language (abstract spec). Defines: –Spatial operators (e.g. disjoint, touches, contains) –Comparison operators (e.g. equalTo, like) –Logical operators (and, or, not). Used in many other OGC specifications (WFS, CSW).

26. OGC Standards: Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths: –Consensus, agreed view. –Used widely. –Not many alternatives. Weaknesses: –Sometimes not very sophisticated. –Slow to develop. –Can be driven by an influential group or individual.

27. Discussion Current use of OGC standards? Other standards? Potential for use?

28. Summary There are many standards. The interactions and dependencies can be complicated, but most of the standards themselves are fairly simple. Interoperability is very difficult without them!