1. Connective Tissue
Found throughout the body; most abundant and widely distributed of all the tissues
Four main types:
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
Characteristics: Tissue with large matrix inside of it, rich supply of blood vessels, composed of many types of cells

2. Connective Tissue Proper: Areolar
Fibers: collagen, elastic
Wraps and cushions all internal organs
Attached to all epithelial tissue
Dermis: small layer of areolar tissue

3. Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Regular Tissue
Dense because the collagen fibers are packed together
Distinct wave: made to withstand force in one direction
Found in tendons and some ligaments and aponeuroses

4. Connective Tissue Proper: Adipose
The “spaces” are the cells, with nuclei squished against the sides
The clear parts are oil droplets
Function: insulation, cushions and protects organs, and reserve fuel
Found: under skin in the abdomen, around kidneys & eyeballs, in breasts

5. Connective Tissue Proper: Reticular
Provides a framework for white blood cells, mast cells and macrophages = all part of the immune system
Lymphoid organs: spleen lymph nodes and bone marrow

6. Connective Tissue: Bone
Haversian Canal
a series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae
Osteoblast
Bone forming Cells
Osteocyte
an osteoblast that has become embedded within the bone matrix, occupying a bone lacuna
Lamella
Osteoblasts deposit the matrix in the form of thin sheets which are called lamellae.
Canaliculi
Canaliculi provide the means for the osteocytes to communicate with each other and to exchange substances by diffusion.
Lacuna
In the matrix, osteoblasts become encased in small hollows within the matrix
Volkmann’s Canal
These canals establish connections of the Haversian canals with the inner and outer surfaces of the bone

7. Bone (osseous tissue) Compact bone: looks like rings of tree
Function: structural support, give body its shape, act as attachment points for muscles
Location: bones

8. Connective Tissue: Spongy Bone or Cancellous Bone
Doesn’t occur in ring shape like compact bone
Still has lacuna
*single lacuna spread out
Rest of tissue (pink) is called trabeculae

9. Connective Tissue: Spongy Bone
Red marrow (consisting mainly of hematopoietic) tissue and Red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells arise in red marrow, found mainly in the flat bones.
Yellow marrow (consisting mainly of fat cells). Yellow marrow is found in the hollow interior of the middle portion of long bones.

10. Connective Tissue: Hyaline Cartilage
Distinguishing characteristic:
Pairs of lacunae
Supports and reinforces structures (like bone), but can bend
Found: ends of long bones, connects ribs to sternum, found at end of nose, in trachea and larynx

11. Connective Tissue: Blood
Mature red blood cells do not have a nucleus
WBC: have a nucleus
Neutrophils and Lymphocyte, monocyte (pictured)
Function: transport respiratory gases
Location: in blood vessels

12. Muscle Tissue
Highly specialized to contract and produces most types of body movement
Three types of Muscle Tissues:
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal Muscle

13. Smooth Muscle Tissue Smooth: no striations Lines hollow structures:
airways to lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and urinary bladder
Involuntary control: propels substances along predetermined pathways

14. Skeletal Muscle Cells are long, multi-nucleated, and striated
Voluntary control
Location: in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

15. Cardiac Muscle Uni-nucleated
Intercalated discs allow the cardiac muscle to act as a unit
Involuntary control
Function: propels blood into circulation as it contracts
Forms the bulk of the wall of the heart
Found: only in the heart

16. Nervous Tissue 2 main cell types found in nervous tissue
Neuroglia: functionally support, protect and insulate neurons and bind them together
Neurons: respond to stimuli and conduct impulses to and from all body organs
Found: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

17. Parts of the neuron
Dendrites: branched processes that receive stimuli and conduct nerve impulses toward the cell body. (input portion of neuron)
Cell body: contains nucleus and specialized organelles
Axon: cytoplasmic extension that conducts nerve pulses away from the cell body. (output)

19. Integumentary System Skin (integument) – largest organ of the body
Accessory organs: hair, glands, and nails
Roles:
Mechanical and chemical protection
Thermal protection
Microorganisms
Prevents water loss
Secretory system (waste products)
Vitamin D synthesis
Cutaneous sense organs

20. Layers of the skin 2 main layers:
Epidermis: stratified into 4 structural layers (or 5 layers in palms and soles)
Dermis: consists of 2 layers
Hypodermis or superficial fascia (subcutaneous layer)- not part of the skin, but binds dermis to underlying organs

21. Epidermis

23. Dermis Second, deeper part of the skin
Composed mainly of connective tissue
Blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles are embedded in the dermal tissue.
Dermis is divided into a superficial papillary region and a deeper reticular region

24. Dermis
Papillary region – more superficial dermal layer; in contact with epidermis;
Composed of areolar connective tissue
Dermal papillae –nipple shaped structures indent into the epidermis and contain loops of capillaries. Some dermal papillae contain tactile receptors called corpuscles of touch or Meissener corpuscles [4] which are touch receptors.
Responsible for fingerprints

25. Dermis Hypodermis Layer Reticular layer of the dermis
Deepest skin layer
dense irregular connective tissue
Hypodermis Layer
Subcutaneous layer is deep to the dermis and is not part of the skin
Consists of areolar and adipose tissues

26. Glands of the Skin
Several kinds of exocrine glands are associated with the skin
Sudoriferous glands or sweat glands  empty their secretions onto the skin surface through pores or into hair follicles.
Sweat glands: two main types based on their structure, location and type of secretion.
Eccrine and Apocrine

27. Eccrine Sweat Glands
Simple, coiled tubular glands are much more common than Apocrine
Regulate body temperature through perspiration/evaporation
Also plays a role in elimination – perspiration is diluted urine

28. Apocrine Sweat Glands
Found: skin of axilla, groin, anal regions, areolae areas of the breasts, and bearded areas of the face in men.
Begin functioning at puberty. In women cells of apocrine sweat glands enlarge around ovulation and shrink during menstruation
Secretions are more viscous (thicker) than eccrine secretions and contain the same compounds as eccrine sweat plus lipids and proteins, pheromones.
Pheromones are chemical signals exuded by many animals -- including humans -- that evoke sexual behavior
Mammary glands are specialized apocrine glands that secrete milk

29. Sebaceous glands (oil gland)
Usually connected to hair follicles
Secrete sebum which is a mixture of fats, cholesterol, proteins, inorganic salts and pheromones
Sebum coats the surface of hairs and prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin, keeps the skin soft and inhibits growth of certain bacteria
Sebaceous glands are found in the skin all over the body except for the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
grasping grip and the traction needed for the soles of the feet would be compromised

30. Hair follicle
Hair follicle surrounds the root and consists of columns of dead, keratinized cells bonded together by extracellular proteins
Hair shaft is the superficial portion of the hair, most of which projects from the surface of the skin.
Hair root is the portion of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis and sometimes into the subcutaneous layer.
Arrector pili muscle is the smooth muscle that extends from the superficial dermis of the skin to the side of the hair follicle

31. Arrector pili muscle is the smooth muscle that extends from the superficial dermis of the skin to the side of the hair follicle. [14]

32. Microscope Slide #21