1. p V Isotherm, pV = constant = Nk B T Adiabat, pV  = constant v = 10:1:100; t = 100; r = 8.314; gamma = 1.67; p = r*t./v; k = (10^(gamma-1)).*r*t; pa = k./v.^gamma; plot(v,pa,v,p)

2. Carnot cycle v = 10:1:100; th = 100; tl = 50; r = 8.314; gamma = 1.67; p1 = r*th./v; k1 = (30^(gamma-1)).*r*th; pa1 = k1./v.^gamma; p2 = r*tl./v; k2 = (30^(gamma-1)).*r*tl; pa2 = k2./v.^gamma; plot(v,p1,v,pa1,v,p2,v,pa2)

3. Carnot cycle

4. p V QhQh ThTh Isotherm 1 Adiabat 1 Adiabat 2 Isotherm 2 p A, V A, T A p B, V B, T B p C, V C, T C p D, V D, T D Carnot cycle

5. p V QhQh p A, V A, T A p B, V B, T B p C, V C, T C p D, V D, T D ThTh Carnot cycle Isotherm 1 Adiabat 1 Adiabat 2 Isotherm 2

6. p V QhQh p A, V A, T A p B, V B, T B p C, V C, T C p D, V D, T D TlTl QlQl Carnot cycle Isotherm 1 Adiabat 1 Adiabat 2 Isotherm 2

7. p V QhQh p A, V A, T A p B, V B, T B p C, V C, T C p D, V D, T D QlQl TlTl Carnot cycle Isotherm 1 Adiabat 1 Adiabat 2 Isotherm 2

8. Why such a strange engine? Will discuss in class

9. p V Efficiency of a Carnot engine Isotherm 1 Adiabat 1 Adiabat 2 Isotherm 2

10. Efficiency of a Carnot engine p V Isotherm 1 Adiabat 1 Adiabat 2 Isotherm 2

11. Efficiency of a Carnot engine (1) From isotherm 1 (3) From isotherm 2 (2) From adiabat 1 (4) From adiabat 2 From the first law of thermodynamics:

12. Efficiency of a Carnot engine (1) From isotherm 1 (3) From isotherm 2 (2) From adiabat 1 (4) From adiabat 2 From the first law of thermodynamics: From (1) and (3):

13. Efficiency of a Carnot engine (1) From isotherm 1 (3) From isotherm 2 (2) From adiabat 1 (4) From adiabat 2 From (1) and (3): Efficiency is defined as:

14. Efficiency of a Carnot engine (1) From isotherm 1 (3) From isotherm 2 (2) From adiabat 1 (4) From adiabat 2 (from (1) and (3)) (2)and (4)

15. Efficiency of a Carnot engine

16. 0. There is a game Laws of thermodynamics 1.You can never win 2. You cannot break even, either 3. You cannot quit the game

17. Carnot Carnot engine: Schematic representation

18. Carnot Carnot engine: Schematic representation

19. Carnot Carnot engine is reversible

20. Carnot Carnot engine is reversible (refrigerator)

21. Carnot’s theorem Of all heat engines working between two given temperatures, none is more efficient than a Carnot engine reversible

22. Carnot Carnot engine is reversible (refrigerator) R

23. Carnot Carnot engine is reversible (refrigerator) R

24. Carnot Carnot engine is reversible (refrigerator) R If

25. Carnot Is this possible? R

26. The Second Law of Thermodynamics Clausius’ statement: It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and whose sole effect is to transfer heat from a cooler body to a hotter body.Clausius’ statement: It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and whose sole effect is to transfer heat from a cooler body to a hotter body.

27. Carnot’s theorem Of all heat engines working between two given temperatures, none is more efficient than a Carnot engine reversible

28. Carnot For reversible engines R

29. Carnot’s theorem Of all heat engines working between two given temperatures, none is more efficient than a Carnot engine

30. The Second Law of Thermodynamics Clausius’ statement: It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and whose sole effect is to transfer heat from a cooler body to a hotter body.Clausius’ statement: It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and whose sole effect is to transfer heat from a cooler body to a hotter body. Kelvin-Planck statement: It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no other effect than the performance of work and the exchange of heat from a single reservoir.Kelvin-Planck statement: It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no other effect than the performance of work and the exchange of heat from a single reservoir.

31. Carnot Carnot refrigerator and Kelvin violator Kelvin violator

32. Carnot Carnot engine and Claussius violator Claussius violator