1. 10/13 League of Nations & collective security in the 1920s
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2. Question 1A
According to Source A which are Clemenceau’s points of view about justice towards the Germans?
Can not be unreasonable towards Germans in fear of provoking the rise of nationalism
Save the world from German aggression
Justice must be served by the Germans

3. Question 1B What message is conveyed by Source E
The Big Three have punished the Germans so much that the Treaty of Versailles will continue to effect the Germans for years to come

4. Question 2
Compare and contrast the views expressed about the Paris Peace Conference in sources C and D
Similarities
Both source C & D blame the leaders of the Paris Peace Conference of just worrying about their capitalist interests
Treaties were forced on the people and not just
Treaties created at Paris Peace Conference were a failure
Differences
Source D does agree to certain restrictions against Germany as long as Germany could recover economically
Communist viewpoint did not support the idea of self – government or self – determination

5. Question 3
With reference to their origin and purpose, assess the value of limitations for historians studying the Paris Peace Conference of Source B & D
Source B
Origin – Hitler, Mein Kampf 1925
Purpose – Show resentment of Germany being forced to sign Treaty of Versailles
Value – Hitler would go onto to be the leader of Germany in WWII and would use the Paris Peace Conference as a way to persuade the people to believe in his views
Limitations – Does not show other leaders goals, beliefs, aims, etc. at the Paris Peace Conf.

6. Question 3
With reference to their origin and purpose, assess the value of limitations for historians studying the Paris Peace Conference of Source B & D
Source D
Origin – British delegate H. Nicolson at the Paris Peace Conference…book written ‘Peacemaking 1919’
Purpose – To report about the successes and failures at the Paris Peace Conference
Value – H. Nicolson is a primary source because he attended the Paris Peace Conference and discusses the aims and goals when they arrived in Paris
Limitation – Does not address the goals of other leaders especially the French who wanted to severely punish Germany

7. Question 4
“The Paris Peace Conference was guilty of disguising an imperialist peace under the surface of Wilsonism.” To what extend do you agree with Nicolson’s point of view.
Agree
Wilson & his 14 Points
League of Nations
Germans were held responsible for WWI (reparations, disarmament, etc.)
Mandate System
Britain wanted to protect its colonial empire
Open Door Policy

8. Overview
Problems ENFORCING peace treaties – USA did not join League of Nations = insecurity
Disarmament difficult = NO TRUST
France & Britain concerned about their own problems
Italy & Japan looked to undermine the treaties signed and looked to gain land
Some progress at fostering international cooperation

9. Weaknesses of the league
Three important countries were not apart of the league: USA, Soviet Union, & Germany
American politicians wanted to keep out of international affairs
Bolshevik government was not recognized by the other Great Powers
Germany was not allowed to join initially as one of the punishments imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. (Germany was a member from
Japan left in 1933 and Italy in 1937

10. Weaknesses of the league
A second fatal weakness was the fact that the League of Nations did not have an army.
If a conflict arose, member states had to supply forces at their own expense. All were reluctant to do so, especially Britain and France who were effectively the only strong countries in the League.

11. Weaknesses
A third weakness was to do with organization. Each of the member countries sent delegates to the Assembly, but real power was concentrated in the hands of the Council, made up of permanent members Britain, France, Italy and Japan in 1920.
Each member of the council had the right of veto, which meant that one vote against could stop action being agreed.

12. Italy Regarded the Treaty of Versailles as a ‘mutilated victory’
It did not gain all land it expected
Felt Britain and France were determined to deny Italy equal treatment
Social and economic problems let to political chaos
1922 King Victor Emmanuel asked Benito Mussolini to form a government
Mussolini would set up a Fascist gov’t – based on the glory of the state and strength displayed through violence and conquest

13. Origins of Japanese Aggression
1905 – defeat of Russia in Russo – Japanese War – gave Japan Korean Peninsula and control of railways in Manchuria
Japan needed to import raw material and food
Peace treaties angered Japanese due to terms not treating them as equals
Japanese belief that they should control Pacific region and foreign influences like USA and Britain be removed
Instability in China let to Japan willing to use military force to protect it’s interests

14. Washington Naval Conference
Organized by U.S
Naval arms race between U.S, U.K and Japan
Called for 2 reasons:
Cost of arms which no one could afford
Defuse tension b/w U.S and Japan
U.S wanted a navy second to none
U.K wanted to protect its legacy of having the most powerful navy in the world
Japan wanted to defend itself and its new empire

15. Washington Naval Conference
The Washington Naval Conference called by President Harding and held in Washington D.C. from Nov to Feb. 6, 1922., it was attended by nine nations having interests in the pacific ocean and east Asia.
Led to an effective end to building new battleship fleets and those few ships that were built were limited in size and armament.

16. Four Power Agreement US, Britain, France, & Japan
Result – December 1921 guaranteed the territorial rights to their respective possessions in the Pacific
Agreed to defend each other in event of attack

17. Five Power Agreement Signed February 1921 – Italy joined the alliance
Result -= 5:5:3 Ratio size of their fleets
USA, Britain, & Japan (France & Italy half the size of Japan)
First steps towards international disarmament
Expensive naval race avoided

18. Nine Power Agreement
China’s political instability would result in foreign powers extending influence resulting in international conflict
Confirmed Open Door Policy
Washington Agreements Successful
1) Small number of countries = easier to find common ground
2) Countries could not afford naval cost

19. Geneva Protocol 1924 – 25
Drafted to ensure the collective security of Europe
Proposed sanctions against aggressors
Members of the League would come to help any victim who fell to aggression
French were enthusiastic about proposal
Britain vetoed the proposal

20. Geneva Naval Conference
Held in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1927.
Agreements made at the Washington Conference ( ), were largely confined to limitations on battleships and aircraft carriers.
Talks dragged on for nearly six weeks during which tensions rose among the former Allies. In early August, the delegates adjourned without reaching any agreement.

21. Kellogg-Briand Pact
US secretary of state Frank Billings Kellogg & Aristide Briand (former minister of France) helped create a culture of disarmament
Renounced the use of war and called for the peaceful settlement of disputes
Pact was signed by 15 nations on August and in 1933 another 50 nations signed
Despite optimism pact was little more then statement of good intentions
0 enforcement or binding clauses

22. David Low – Political Cartoonist
Please write down the following 3 Questions:
What do you see in this cartoon?
What is the message of the cartoonist?
How do you know?

26. Paper 1 Duration – 1 hour – HL 20%
Question
Assessment Objective
The first questions will test understanding of a source in part (a) and part (b)
Knowledge and understanding
~ Understand historical sources
The second question will test analysis of sources through the comparison and contrast
Application and interpretation
~ Compare and contrast historical sources as evidence
The third question will ask students to discuss two sources in relation to their origin, purpose, value, limitation
Synthesis & Evaluation
~ Evaluate historical sources as evidence
The fourth question will test evaluation of sources and context knowledge
Knowledge & Understanding / Application & Interpretation / Synthesis & Evaluation