1. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-1 3 Chapter Culture Culture and Society Development of Culture Around the World Elements of Culture Culture and the Dominant Ideology Cultural Variation

2. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-2 Chapter Three Outline Culture and Society Development of Culture around the World Cultural Universals Innovation Diffusion and Technology Elements of Culture Language Norms Sanctions Values Culture and the Dominant Ideology Cultural Variation Aspects of Cultural Variation Attitudes toward Cultural Variation Social Policy and Culture: Bilingualism The Issue The Setting Sociological Insights Policy Initiatives

3. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-3 Chapter Three Outline (2) Boxes Research in Action: Dominant Ideology and Poverty Eye on the Media: Knockin’ Rock—Making Music a Social Problem Taking Sociology to Work: Burt Constable, Newspaper Columnist and Reporter

4. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-4 Culture and Society Culture is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. Sociologically, culture does not refer to fine arts or intellectual taste. Culture:

5. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-5 Culture and Society Culture consists of all objects and ideas within a society. Sharing a common culture simplifies daily activities. Culture:

6. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-6 Development of Culture Around the World All societies have developed certain common practices and beliefs called cultural universals. Cultural universals change over time and from one society to another. Cultural Universals:

7. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-7 Development of Culture Around the World The process of introducing an idea or object that is new to a culture is known as innovation. Innovation may take the form of either discovery or invention. Innovation:

8. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-8 Culture Around the World Diffusion Diffusion is the process by which a cultural item is spread from group to group or society to society. Diffusion can occur through a variety of means. explorationmilitary conquest missionary workmass media tourismInternet Diffusion and Technology:

9. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-9 Culture Around the World Technology Technology accelerates the diffusion of scientific innovations. Technology transmits culture. Diffusion and Technology:

10. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-10 Culture Around the World Material Culture Refers to the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives, including: foodhouses factoriesraw materials Diffusion and Technology:

11. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-11 Culture Around the World Nonmaterial Culture Refers to ways of using material objects and to: customsbeliefs communication philosophiesgovernment Diffusion and Technology:

12. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-12 Culture Around the World Culture Lag Refers to the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions.

13. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-13 Elements of Culture Language is an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture. Language includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and gestures and expressions of nonverbal communication. Language:

14. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-14 Elements of Culture Sapir-Worf Hypothesis Language precedes thought. Language is not a given. Language is culturally determined. Language:

15. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-15 Mapping Life Worldwide: Languages of the World 1 Germanic 6 Indo-Aryan 2 Romance 7 Celtic 3 Slavic 8 Greek 4 Baltic 9 Armenian 5 Iranian Language Families Indo-European Eskimo-Aleut Native American Hamito-Semitic Niger-Congo Nilo-Saharan Austronesian Australian Samoyed Finno-Ugric Basque Khosian Ural-Altaic Caucasian Sino-Tibetan Paleo-Siberian Korean Japanese Burushaki Austro-Asiatic Vietnamese Thai-Kadai Papuan Dravidian Unpopulated Regions Source: Richard T. Schaefer. 2002. Sociology: A Brief Introduction, 4 th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Figure 3-1, p. 59 from Edward B. Espenshade, Jr. 1990. Rand McNally Goode’s World Atlas, 18/e:25.

16. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-16 Elements of Culture Nonverbal communication is the use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate. Nonverbal communication is not the same in all cultures. Nonverbal communication is learned. Nonverbal Communication:

17. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-17 Elements of Culture Norms are established standards of behavior maintained by a society. Types of Norms Mores (MOR-ays) are norms deemed highly necessary for the welfare of society. Folkways are norms governing everyday behavior. Norms:

18. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-18 Elements of Culture Sanctions are penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. Sanctions may be either positive or negative. Sanctions:

19. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-19 Norms and Sanctions Source: Richard T. Schaefer. 2002. Sociology: A Brief Introduction, 4 th ed. New York: McGraw- Hill, Table 3-1, p. 63

20. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-20 Penalties for Violations of Norms Informal normsFormal norms Severe penalties Mild penalties Mores Folkways Suicide Homicide Child molestation Drunken driving Child Abuse Child support Drunkenness in private Rudeness Using obscene language Clothing style Table manners Public drunkenness Traffic violations Curfew violations Licenses Parking regulations

21. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-21 Elements of Culture Values are our collective conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper – or bad, undesirable, and improper – in a culture. Values influence people’s behavior. Values are criteria for evaluating actions of others. Values:

22. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-22 Culture and the Dominant Ideology Dominant Ideology: The term dominant ideology describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests. Dominant groups control wealth and property. Dominant groups control the means of producing beliefs about reality through: religioneducationthe media

23. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-23 Cultural Variation A subculture is a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the larger society. A subculture is a culture existing within a larger, dominant culture. Subcultures Aspects of Cultural Variation:

24. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-24 Cultural Variation A counterculture is created when a subculture conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture. Examples of countercultures: hippies militia groups Countercultures Aspects of Cultural Variation:

25. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-25 Cultural Variation Culture Shock Culture shock is experienced if one feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture. Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life are superior to all others. Aspects of Cultural Variation:

26. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-26 Cultural Variation Cultural Relativism Cultural relativism views people’s behaviors from the perspective of their own culture. Xenocentrism Xenocentrism is an extension of cultural relativism; it is the belief that the products, styles, or ideas of one’s society are inferior to those that originate elsewhere. Aspects of Cultural Variation:

27. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-27 Mapping Life Nationwide: States with Official English Laws Source: Richard T. Schaefer. 2002. Sociology: A Brief Introduction, 4 th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Figure 3-4, p. 72. From U.S. English 1999.