1. Fertility & Fecundity

2. Technology allows us to control reproduction…. This is more than just the pill and condoms Cultural and Geographic variations & implications

3. Geographic Variation of Crude Birth Rate

4. Fertility vs Fecundity Fecundity is a measure of the physical ability to have children Fertility is the actual number of children a woman actually has

5. Infertility/Infecundity (for demographers) Couples who have tried for 12 months to get pregnant and do not are infecund (AKA- infertile) 1995 this rate was 7% of American couples 1965 this rate was 11% of American couples

6. Fecundity and Age For women, fecundity goes from 0 to non-zero at the onset of menarche (menstruation) Female fecundity generally increases to their mid- 20’s and drops to 0 at menopause Male fecundity goes from 0 to non-zero at puberty and generally peaks in mid 20’s also Male fecundity generally drops from mid 20’s as they age but does not have a definite end point like menopause. Male fecundity tends to last longer than female fecundity

7. Some USA fecundity Statistics… 1998 10,000 babies born to women under 15. 1998 158 babies born to women of age 50-54 Ruth Kistler oldest natural US mother ever  Gave birth to a child at age 57 in 1956 63 year old Phillipino woman in 1996 gave birth to an implanted embryo

8. What is ‘Maximum’ Fertility in absence of any fertility control? 1) Assume female fecundity from age 15-49 2) Assume 9 months of pregnancy 3) Assume 18 months of breast feeding Result: 1 child every 2.2 years Fertility Rate is 16 children per woman This is a theoretical maximum for a population (rarely happens)

9. No society produces this rate… 1) Pregnancy is dangerous. Many women would die before if not during the delivery of their 16 th child Not all women are fecund (1/3 of the women in Cameroon are infecund for health/dietary reasons) If women don’t eat enough fat they may experience amenorhea (absence of suppression of menstruation and/or anovulatory cycles (egg-free menstruation))

10. Is Female Menarche (puberty) happening Earlier? “The condition of accelerated puberty in girls is more of a hypothesis than a widely observed phenomenon—in spite of anecdotal reports. Your article seemed to emphasize the vague possibility that a host of chemicals, those found in the environment or in foods, could initiate early puberty. But the only scientifically documented cause is the increase in childhood obesity, and the demonstrated involvement of fat cell-derived leptin in initiating pubertal events. Next time, I hope you will do your readers a favor by presenting such stories in a more realistic context, rather than alarming them on the basis of weak scientific evidence.” Ruth Kava, Ph.D., R.D. is Director of Nutrition of the American Council on Science and Health in New York.

11. ‘Natural’ Fertility? Definition: The level of reproduction that exists in the absence of deliberate (or at least modern) fertility control ‘Natural’ Fertility is much lower than ‘Maximum’ fertility

12. The Social Components of Fertility Hunter-Gatherers: Space children in time, fertility much lower than ‘natural’ fertility Agricultural Societies: High fertility perhaps from demand for people to harvest crops Industrial Society: Very low fertility perhaps from the ‘expenses’ associated with raising kids

13. The Hutterites: A famous ‘High Fertility’ Society Anabaptists (opposed to childhood baptism) Live in Agrarian communities in NE plains of U.S. and Western provinces of Canada 400 came from Russia in late 1800’s Doubled Population 6 times in 100 years In 1936 the TFR for Hutterite women was 11

14. Why Hutterite Fertility so High? Early age of marriage A good diet Good medical care Belief in Bible’s: “Be Fruitful and Multiply” Frequent sex with no contraception High fertility is not rocket science Hutterite Lifestyle (7:06) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXvIPtAOeXU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXvIPtAOeXU

15. Other ‘High Fertility’ Societies Shipibo Indians from Eastern Amazon of Peru -Avg Age at Marriage 14 -Avg Age at 1 st Child 15.6 - Total Fertility Rate ~ 11 Hmong Refugees to U.S. in 1980’s same deal: Marry Early, impregnate often Total Fertility Rate ~ 11

16. Age Specific Fertility Rate