1. 18.2

2.  NAACP in the 1930’s became more effective  This biracial organization tried to persuade the government to protect blacks from racism and lynching.  Walter White, the NAACP President personally investigated 42 lynchings and race riots.  White also helped defeat Hoover’s nomination for the Supreme Court-John Parker, who was openly racist.

3.  Du Bois was editor of the NAACP journal The Crisis.  He advocated for a program of self- determination.  Du Bois hoped self-determination would permit black people to develop “a nation within a nation.”  The black community attacked Du Bois for advocating “voluntary segregation.”  Du Bois was eventually forced from the editorship of the newspaper.

4.  The NAACP hired Charles Hamilton Houston, a Harvard trained and educated lawyer.  Houston used lawsuits to challenge local and state governments to follow the Constitution.  He did not focus directly on ending segregation, but tried to force southern states to equalize their facilities.  He hoped to use the courts to secure judgments that would increase funding to black schools.

5.  Walter White hired Thurgood Marshall to take on cases for the NAACP. (1936)  They also attempted to end discrimination against black men and woman in professional and graduate schools.  In Gaines v. Canada, the Supreme Court ordered the state of Missouri to provide black citizens the opportunity to study law in a state-supported institution.  Failure to provide the opportunity would violated the 14 th Amendment.  Missouri created a school of law at the black Lincoln University.  Many other southern states followed suit after the Supreme Court decision

6.  Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP continued to challenge the constitutionality of the separate but equal doctrine.  In Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, Ada Louis Sipuel sought admission to the law school but was refused admittance.  She was refused but granted an out of state scholarship.  This case established the principle that the state had to provide a separate law school for blacks.

7.  Herman Sweatt, a black mailman, tested the principle decided under the Sipuel case.  He took the University of Texas Law school to court.  In response to Sweatt’s initial challenge, Texas had created a separate law school for blacks.  Sweatt and the NAACP argued that the black law school was inadequate.  The Supreme Court sided with Herman and the NAACP.  These early victories paved the way for the eventual ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

8.  In 1923, the Texas legislature enacted the Terrell law.  This law forbid blacks from participating in a Democratic primary elections in Texas.  In the one-party South, the primary elections were often more important than the general elections.  To be denied the right to vote in primary elections was to be disenfranchised.  After 20 years of fighting their case, the NAACP won its 1 st victory.  In Nixon v. Herndon, the Supreme Court sided with the NAACP.  And finally in 1944, the Supreme Court issued a ruling in Smith v. Allwright that ended the white primary altogether.  The Smith case was the greatest victory of the NAACP at that time.

9.  Black woman helped the NAACP fundraise and increase membership in the 1930’s  Three agitators for racial justice during the Great Depression were:  Daisy Lampkin  Juanita E. Jackson  Ella Baker

10.  She became the president of the Negro Women’s Franchise League in 1915.  This group was dedicated to securing the vote for woman.  During WWI, she directed the sale of Liberty Bonds, with over 2 million sold.  In 1930, Walter White enlisted her to help with the NAACP

11.  She was a teacher who helped found the City- Wide Young People’s Forum.  This organization encouraged young people to attack and discuss such issues as unemployment, segregation, and lynching.  The group was so successful, that in 1935 she was offered a leadership role of the NAACP’s new youth program.  She eventually became the 1 st black woman to be admitted to practice law in Maryland.

12.  One of the most important woman of the 1950’s and 1960’s civil rights movement.  She developed a strong belief in grassroots mobilization.  Eventually, Walter White offered Ella a position within the NAACP as assistant field secretary.  She eventually resigned, and worked for the staff of the New York Urban League.

13.  Other black woman organized outside of the NAACP.  In Detroit, over 50 woman in Detroit organized the Detroit Housewives' League  This organization combined economic nationalism and black women’s self determination to help black families survive the Great Depression.  By 1934, over 10,000 black woman belonged to it.  This group wanted to keep black money in black communities.  This group eventually used boycotts to persuade merchants to hire more than 75,000 African Americans.

14.  1) In the 1930’s, how did the NAACP become more effective?  2) What did Walter White personally do in the 1930’s to document racism?  3) How did W.E.B. Du Bois anger many blacks?  4) What did attorney Charles Houston focus on in court battles for the NAACP?  5) What did the Gaines v. Canada case decide?  6) What did Ada Louis Sipuel want? What was the court decision?  7) How did Herman Sweatt’s case pave the way for Brown v. Board of Education?  8) This 1944 Supreme court case was the greatest victory of the NAACP at that time?  9) How did black woman play an important role during the Great Depression. Cite one example and explain its impact.