1. ARGUMENT FOLDABLE

6. 1

7. WHAT is an argument?
Argument is structured by way of claims, evidence, warrants, counterclaims, rebuttals. It relies on logical reasoning and critical thinking. 5

8. WHAT is it not?
Persuasion differs from argument by its purpose to move people to a belief, position, or action. Persuasion may rely on appeals to emotion or credibility or logic. 7

9. Key Features of Argumentation
CLAIM: What you are trying to prove
REASONS: Logical conclusions and thinking that supports claims (often the topic sentence of paragraphs).
EVIDENCE: Facts supporting reasons and claims 3

10. Key Features of Argumentation
WARRANTS: How the evidence connects to the reason or claim. Answers the “So What?”
COUNTERCLAIM: Opposing viewpoint
REBUTTAL: Supports the claim by refuting the counterclaim 4

11. CLAIM: Most pesticides used in farming should be banned.
Key Features Examples
CLAIM: Most pesticides used in farming should be banned.
REASONS: Pesticides endanger the lives of farmers.
EVIDENCE: Pesticides may cause cancer according to a published study in 2009 (Disease Registry). 9

12. Key Features Examples
WARRANTS: Workers have a right to a safe environment. Substances that endanger the lives of workers deserve to be banned.
COUNTERCLAIM: The use of pesticides is a common practice in agriculture and homes and parks.
REBUTTAL: Safety measures in a work environment require different methods than personal choices made in one’s home. 11

13. Rhetorical Appeals LOGOS: logical appeal Appeals to reason and logic
PATHOS: emotional appeal
Appeals to emotions and values
ETHOS: ethical appeal
Appeals to the credibility of the speaker 2

14. Rhetorical Questions LOGOS: logical appeal Is the source trustworthy?
Are terms clearly defined?
Is evidence out of context?
PATHOS: emotional appeal
What emotions does it appeal to?
Is the appeal effective or manipulative?
ETHOS: ethical appeal
Is the speaker knowledgeable?
Is he or she trustworthy? 6

15. Rhetorical Examples LOGOS: logical appeal PATHOS: emotional appeal
Between 1960 and 1970, the 60% of the world’s illiterate were women (Adrienne Rich).
PATHOS: emotional appeal
A negro mother wept…in her hand, she held one shoe, from the foot of her dead child (Atlanta Constitution).
ETHOS: ethical appeal
I’m not a doctor, but I play one on TV (Excedrin commercial) 8

16. Parts of an Essay 10 INTRODUCTION Hook Map Thesis BODY Reasons
Evidence
Warranting
CONCLUSION
Thesis implication
Prediction or call to action 10

17. Patterns of Organization
COMPARE/CONTRAST
FOCUS ON SIMILARITIES OR HIGHLIGHT DIFFERENCES
CAUSE/EFFECT
INVESTIGATE THE CAUSE OF SOMETHING OR LOOK FOR AN EXPLANATION OF WHAT HAS OCCURRED.
PROBLEM/SOLUTION
IDENTIFY A PROBLEM AND LOOK FOR SOLUTIONS 12