1. Socialisation and Physical Education SHL4302: Sociology of Sport Paul Salisbury

2. Introduction  This lecture aims to define the concept of socialisation and allow you to relate it your own experiences.

3. The underpinning questions  Why do some people take part in sport and some do not?  Why do some people succeed and some do not?  Is it about what we have learned, or our physical and psychological capabilities?

4. Nature vs Nurture Nature (socio-biology)Nurture (sociology) Our capacity for sporting action is inborn Our capacity for sporting action is learned Competition, humans vs human or humans vs the physical world is a natural condition of life The natural condition of modern life is that it is socially and culturally constructed Human instincts and needs have shaped sport All aspects of sport are learned and taught (including compeition) Much of how we behave in sport is ‘pre-programmed’ (e.g. fight or flight) Sporting behaviours have to be learned and the socialisation process starts as soon as a child is born.

5. Nature vs Nurture in Context  Jaden Gil  Son of Andre Agassi and Steffi Graf.  100/1 to win Wimbledon.  Why?  ‘pedigree’  or socialisation?

6. Socialisation  ‘the on-going process whereby individuals learn and/or are taught to conform to the existing system of norms and values’  In sport:  ‘a process that, through an individual’s involvement in sport, teaches and reinforces knowledge, values and norms that are essential to participate in social life’ (Craig and Mellor, 2010: 93).

7. Questions  Why is the English Rugby Union team made up largely of players from white, middle-class backgrounds?  Why are there very few black/Asian elite British tennis players?  The answers would appear to lie in socialisation.

8. Socialisation from birth  What toys do you remember playing with from a really young age?  Why did your parents/guardians buy these for you?

9. Social Institutions and Social Norms  Every society has a set of stable and interrelated structures through which we work out our own place in the world:  Education system  Sports  Economy  Families  Government  These provide us with ‘social norms’  Accepted ‘proper’ forms of behaviour (in life and in sport)  Dedication  Playing by the rules  Sportsmanship  Teamwork

10. Competition and Co- operation  When we are socialised in to sport, we gain an understanding of:  Competition, and  Co-operation  Generally, we all accept these as crucial elements of sport,  But, we disagree about the relative importance of each

11. Win at all costs?  Billy Collins vs Louis Resto Billy Collins vs Louis Resto

12. The process of socialisation  Three factors contribute to us entering the world of sport: 1. Our abilities and characteristics 2. The influence of ‘significant others’  Who might they be?  Parents, teachers, siblings, peers. 3. The availability of opportunities to play.

13. The Family  Critical in the socialisation process  Shaping interests  Financial and emotional support  Role models

14. A note on gender  There is a noticeable difference between how boys and girls are socialised  Boys think that their sporting achievements please their parents.  (less so with girls)  Teachers perceive boys to be ‘better’ at sport than girls  (but this doesn’t apply to other subjects)  Result = girls less likely to play sport, especially ‘male’ sports.

15. Concluding comments  Socialisation theory indicates that we are not ‘free’ to choose whether we become interested in sport, or which sports we play.  The social world, using social institutions to create social norms teach us what is expected of us.  Often our gender, class or ethnicity determine how we view the world, including sport.

16. Further Reading  Craig, P. and Mellor, G. (2010) Sport. Physical education and socialisation. in Craig, P. and Beedie, P. (eds.) Sport Sociology, 2 nd edit. Exeter: Learning Matters, pp91-113.