1. About Science
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2. This lecture will help you understand:
A Brief History of Advances in Science
Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science
The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool
The Scientific Hypothesis
The Scientific Experiment
Facts, Theories, and Laws
Science Has Limitations
Science, Art, and Religion
Technology—The Practical Use of Science
The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy
Integrated Science
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3. A Brief History of Advances in Science
The beginnings of science go back thousands of years to a cause-and-effect way of looking at the world.
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4. A Brief History of Advances in Science
Forward steps in the history of science, as highlighted in the text, occurred in
Greece
Italy
China
Polynesia
Arab nations
Poland
Germany
… and many other parts of the world.
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5. A Brief History of Advances in Science
During the Dark Ages in Europe,
previous scientific knowledge was lost as religion became established.
During the 10th through 12th centuries,
Islamic people brought books into Spain that had been banned by the church.
universities emerged.
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6. A Brief History of Advances in Science
Advances during the 15th century:
Invention of Gutenberg's printing press
Experiments of Galileo
Arrival of the Renaissance period, which provided a foothold for the advance of science and rational thinking
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7. Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science
is an important tool in science.
makes use of equations, which are shorthand notations for the relationships between scientific concepts.
abbreviates a relationship that can be stated in words.
makes common sense.
uses equations to guide your thinking.
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8. Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science
Example:
Concept—When you stretch a spring, your pull is proportional to the stretch.
Proportion—expressed as F ~ ,
where F is your pulling force, and
x is the distance the spring stretches
Proportions and equations tell you:
If one thing changes a certain way, another will change correspondingly.
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9. The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool
Outlined in Section 1.3—NOT to be memorized
One of the ways good science is performed
More important than a particular method is:
Attitude of inquiry
Experimentation
Willingness to accept findings, even those that are not desired
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10. The Scientific Hypothesis
Principle of falsifiability:
For a hypothesis to be considered scientific, it must be testable—it must, in principle, be capable of being proved wrong.
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11. The Scientific Hypothesis CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these statements is a scientific
hypothesis?
The Moon is made of green cheese.
Atomic nuclei are the smallest particles in nature.
A magnet will pick up a copper penny.
Cosmic rays cannot penetrate the thickness of your Conceptual Integrated Science textbook.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
A., B., C., D.
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12. The Scientific Hypothesis CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Which of these statements is a scientific hypothesis?
The Moon is made of green cheese.
Atomic nuclei are the smallest particles in nature.
A magnet will pick up a copper penny.
Cosmic rays cannot penetrate the thickness of your Conceptual Integrated Science textbook.
Explanation:
All the statements are scientific hypotheses! All the choices
not only have tests for proving wrongness but have been
proved wrong. Nevertheless, they still pass the test of being a
scientific hypothesis.
A., B., C., D.
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13. The Scientific Hypothesis CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these statements is not a scientific
hypothesis?
Protons carry an electric charge.
Undetectable particles are some of nature's secrets.
Charged particles will bend when moving in a magnetic field.
All are scientific hypotheses.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
B. Undetectable particles are some of nature's secrets.
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14. The Scientific Hypothesis CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Which of these statements is not a scientific hypothesis?
Protons carry an electric charge.
Undetectable particles are some of nature's secrets.
Charged particles will bend when moving in a magnetic field.
All are scientific hypotheses.
Explanation:
If protons didn't carry electric charge, they wouldn't be deflected when
crossing a magnetic field. This would be a test for showing the hypothesis
wrong. So both A and C are capable of being proved wrong, which makes
them scientific. Statement B, however, has no test for wrongness. It is
reasonable speculation—but not a scientific hypothesis.
B. Undetectable particles are some of nature's secrets.
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15. The Scientific Experiment
Rather than philosophize about nature, Galileo went an important step further—he experimented!
"The test of all knowledge is experiment. Experiment is the sole judge of scientific truth." Richard Feynman
"No number of experiments can prove me right;
a single experiment can prove me wrong."
Albert Einstein
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16. Facts, Theories, and Laws
Fact: a phenomenon about which competent observers can agree
Theory: a synthesis of a large body of information that encompasses well-tested hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world
Law: a general hypothesis or statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted—also known as a principle
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17. Facts, Theories, and Laws CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these often changes over time with
further study?
Facts
Theories
Both facts and theories
Neither facts nor theories
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
C. Both of the above.
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18. Facts, Theories, and Laws CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Which of these often changes over time with further study?
Facts
Theories
Both facts and theories
Neither facts nor theories
Explanation:
Both facts and theories can change. Is this a weakness or strength of
science? For example, if everything a child holdstrue is unchanged
when that child grows up, with years of study, even receiving advanced
degrees, then either nothing was learned or the child was unusually
gifted from the start—or was part of a closed system. As we learn new
information, we refine our ideas. Likewise with the fields of science.
C. Both of the above.
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19. Facts, Theories, and Laws CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
A person who says "That's only a theory" likely
doesn't know that a scientific theory is a
guess.
number of facts.
hypothesis of sorts.
vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and fact
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
D. vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and facts.
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20. Facts, Theories, and Laws CHECK YOUR ANSWER
A person who says "That's only a theory" likely doesn't know
that a scientific theory is a
guess.
number of facts.
hypothesis of sorts.
vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and facts.
Explanation:
Theory in everyday speech is very different from its use in science. A
vast and verifiable body of knowledge isn't only a theory; if it passes all
its tests, it is elevated to that status! Newton's theory of gravity and
Einstein's theory of relativity, for example, are not idle hypotheses—both
are supported by innumerable experiments. They are more than only
theories.
D. vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and facts.
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21. Science Has Limitations
The domain of science
is in natural phenomena.
does not deal with the "supernatural,"
a domain "above science."
Claims to supernatural phenomena, true or
otherwise, lie outside the domain of science.
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22. Science Has Limitations CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
A major difference between pseudoscience and
science is that pseudoscience
makes no predictions.
doesn't use scientific terminology.
has no tests for wrongness.
all of the above
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
C. has no tests for wrongness.
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23. Science Has Limitations CHECK YOUR ANSWER
A major difference between pseudoscience and science is
that pseudoscience
makes no predictions.
doesn't use scientific terminology.
has no tests for wrongness.
all of the above
Explanation:
Some forms of pseudoscience, often called "junk science," do
make predictions, and many use scientific terminology to pose
as science (magnetic healing, energy-producing machines that
require no fuel, and so forth). Only science has tests for
wrongness.
C. has no tests for wrongness.
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24. Science, Art, and Religion
Science asks how.
Religion asks why.
Art bridges the two.
When science and religion address their respective domains, conflict between the two is minimized or absent.
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25. Technology—The Practical Use of Science
is an important tool of science.
is sometimes the fruit of science, as in medicine that cures disease.
is a human endeavor.
can be used to elevate or to diminish the human condition.
Shouldn't its potential be to elevate?
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26. The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy
Natural philosophy
was at one time the study of unanswered questions about nature.
became science as answers were found.
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27. The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy
Physics is the study of basic concepts,such as motion, force, energy, matter, heat, sound, light, electricity, and magnetism.
Chemistry builds on physics and studies how matter is put together to produce the growing list of materials and medicines that we use in our everyday lives.
Biology, built on chemistry, is the study of life—the most complex of the sciences.
Earth science is the study of geology, meteorology, and oceanography.
Astronomy is the study of nature beyond the confines of planet Earth' the far-out science.
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28. Integrated Science The fields of science overlap.
merge into one another, such as biophysics, biochemistry, geophysics, astrophysics, and bioastrophysics.
are acknowledged to present a cohesive study of the natural world.
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29. Integrated Science CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Although physics may be the most difficult science
course in certain schools, when compared with the
fields of chemistry, biology, Earth science, and
astronomy, it is
the simplest.
still the hardest!
the central science, in between chemistry and biology.
simple enough, but only for especially intelligent people.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
A. the simplest.
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30. Integrated Science CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Although physics may be the most difficult science course in certain
schools, when compared with the fields of chemistry, biology, Earth
science, and astronomy, it is
the simplest.
still the hardest!
the central science, in between chemistry and biology.
simple enough, but only for especially intelligent people.
Explanation:
Just compare the list of terms in the physics chapters of this book with
the lists in the chapters beyond physics chapters. Which lists are
shortest? Chemistry and especially biology are enormously more
complex than physics. Physics is much more understood than the other
fields—which is why this book begins with physics, a foundation for
chemistry, biology, Earth science, and astronomy.
A. the simplest.
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