1. Governance and Accountability: Lessons (not) Learned Mark Schuller Northern Illinois University / Universite d’Etat d’Haiti November 24, 2014 – “Fooling the Sun” conference

2. Research design Purposive sample of 8 camps Five weeks of research (June-July 2011): Participant observation Household surveys (791) Semi-structured interviews (88) Interviews with aid workers (58) Follow up – January, summer 2012 Eight visits to the camps

3. Photo: Esaie Jules Gelin

4. Lesson 1: not built back better People moving into lower-income neighborhoods 56% left the camps because of bad conditions; 17% were forced out 62% report worse economic activity and make less money now than when living in the camps 53% report access to health services was worse now than when living in the camps 47% report their access to water is better, 36% worse, than before the earthquake

6. Lesson 2: NGOs are private Accountable to whom? Look at current reward system Kolonbi – latrines abandoned for 10 months Karade – creation of “haves” and “have nots” WASH services: NGO management – statistically significant But CMAs only in 27% of camps 37.6% of camps didn’t have water (40.5) 25.8% of camps didn’t have toilet (30.3)

8. Lesson 3: role of govt? WASH progress concentrated in Cite Soleil DINEPA – co-chaired a cluster Cluster system excluded Haitian govt *GBV subcluster / MSPP Coordination UCAONG / Departmental Councils Municipality matters – Delmas / Tabarre Carrefour – “community enumeration”

10. Lesson 4: local participation Excluded from institutions and decisionmaking – LogBase and IHRC Excluded from funding – 1% emergency response to GOH – <10% reconstruction to GOH – <.6% to Haitian NGOs/ businesses Aid did not match local priorities – 41.5% prioritized housing – 62.7% received a hygiene kit 4.3% - NGO aid explained

12. Lesson 5: cost of top-down approach “Humanitarian gentrification” Housing allowance, etc. Expat v. Haitian salaries High-visibility, temporary solutions costly Water truck v. fix community water tap T-shelter v. own housing Local materials and knowhow Parallel structures / “brain drain”

14. Lesson 6: Sustainability The “photo op” Pressure to kick people out of camps at all cost Where do people go? – Mon Lopital / Kanaran / other camps – 47% not with family / 32% different neighborhood Disruption of family, solidarity networks Displacement of collectivist traditions Local capacity not increased Not enough to go around = favoritism, conflict

16. Recommendations Need new models Humanitarian / development / human rights Inclusion / Participation Haitian context – not “one size fits all” Change the reward structure Change how we contract with agencies – “Tax” aid – support coordination – Require submission to local government – Local participation plan – Accountability to population Implement Assessing Progress in Haiti Act