1. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Economics THIRD EDITION By John B. Taylor Stanford University

2. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2 Chapter 1 The Central Idea

3. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3 Teaching objectives Introduce the concepts: scarcity, choice and opportunity costs Consumers and producers must make choices. Trade between parties is mutually beneficial Production possibilities curve – a tool to formalize the concepts of scarcity and cost Market versus command economy

4. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4 1. Scarcity, Choice and Interaction for Individuals 1a. All consumers and producers must make choices because the resources used to satisfy want are limited. Therefore all choices have opportunity costs – the next best alternative given up. 1b. Given scarcity, trade can make everyone better off ( see Figure 1.1). By reallocating goods, trade benefits all parties – trade is not a zero-sum game.

5. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5 Figure 1.1 Gains from Trade Through a Better Allocation of Goods

6. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 6 1. Scarcity, Choice and Interaction for Individuals (Cont.) 1c. Trade also permits producers specialize and take advantage of the division of labor. This can be seen in the concept of comparative advantage – people specialize in the things in which they have a relative advantage. This allows opportunity cost to be minimized.

7. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7 1. Scarcity, Choice and Interaction for Individuals (Cont.) 1d. Global trade allows exchange across countries and among many parties. 1e. Money allows people to trade without bartering, making global trade easier. Trade between countries requires that currencies be traded on a foreign exchange market.

8. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 2. The link between “choices” and “resources”: PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES CURVE Simplifying Assumptions: 1.Economy is operating efficiently 2.Available supply of resources is fixed in quantity and quality at this point of time 3.No new development in technology during analysis 4.Economy produces only 2 types of products

9. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 9 TABLE 1.1 – PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES CHOICE A MOVIES 0 COMPUTERS 25,000 B10024,000 C20022,000 D30018,000 E40013,000 F5000

10. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 10 Production Possibilities Curve (Continued) Choices will be necessary because resources and technology are fixed A production possibilities table indicates some of the possible choices PPC is a graphical presentation of choices

11. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11 Figure 1.2 The Production Possibilities Curve

12. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 Production Possibilities Curve (Continued) Points on the curve represent maximum possible combinations Points inside the curve represent underemployment or unemployment Points outside the curve are unattainable at present Optimal or best product will some point on the curve. The exact point depends on society ; this is a normative decision.

13. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13 Law of increasing opportunity costs The slope of PPC becomes steeper, showing increasing opportunity cost. That is, the amount of other goods and services that must be foregone to obtain more of any given product increases Economic rationale: economic resources are not completely adaptable to alternative uses

14. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14 Key question: How does a society decide its optimal point on the PPC? Society receives marginal benefits (MB) from each additional product consumed But the law of increasing opportunity costs reminds us that marginal costs (MC) also rise as more of a product is produced and consumed Selection Criterion: Produce and consume so long as MB exceeds MC

15. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15 3. Unemployment,economic growth and the future Unemployment and productive inefficiency occur when the economy is producing less than full production or inside the PPC Economic growth occurs when PPC shifts outward. This happens when: 1.Resource supplies expand in quality or quantity 2.Technological advances are occurring Our present choices affect our future possibilities

16. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16 Figure 1.3 Shifts in the Production Possibilities Curve

17. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17 Figure 1.4 Shifts in the Production Possibilities Curve Depend on Choices

18. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18 4. Economic systems Who owns the factors of production or economic resources? Who coordinates economic activity? How? Three main types of economic systems 1.Market economies (Capitalism) 2.Command economy (Communism) 3.Mixed systems

19. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 19 Characteristics of economic systems Market economy There is private ownership of resources Markets and prices coordinate and direct economic activity Command economy There is public (state or government) ownership of resources Economic activity is coordinated by central planning

20. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 20 Figure 1.5 From One Central Idea, Many Powerful Ideas Follow