1. The Human Body in Health and Disease
Chapter 2
The Human Body in
Health and Disease

2. Anatomic Reference Systems
Describe the location and functions of body parts using:
Body planes
Body directions
Body cavities
Structural units

3. Standard Anatomical Position

4. ANTERIOR VS POSTERIOR Anterior refers to the front of the body
Posterior refers to the back of the body

5. BODY PLANES
LINE THROUGH THE BODY AT VARIOUS PARTS TO SEPARATE THE BODY INTO SECTIONS

6. TRANSVERSE PLANE
ONE OF THREE MAIN PLANES

7. TRANSVERSE PLANE
DIVIDES BODY INTO TOP AND BOTTOM HALF

8. CORONAL PLANE

9. SUPERIOR
BODY PARTS ABOVE OTHER PARTS

10. INFERIOR
BODY PARTS BELOW OTHER PARTS

12. CAUDAL
BODY PARTS LOCATED NEAR THE SACRAL REGION OF THE SPINAL COLUMN OR TAIL

13. CRANIAL
BODY PARTS LOCATED NEAR THE HEAD

14. MIDSAGITTAL OR MEDIAN PLANE
SECOND OF THREE PLANES

15. MIDSAGITTAL OR MEDIAN PLANE
DIVIDES THE BODY INTO RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES

17. MEDIAL
BODY PARTS CLOSE TO MIDLINE OR PLANE

19. LATERAL
BODY PARTS AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE OR PLANE

21. VENTRAL OR ANTERIOR BODY PARTS IN FRONT OF THE BODY
ANTERIOR IS THE TERM FOR DIRECTION
VENTRAL IS THE TERM FOR MOVEMENT

22. DORSAL OR POSTERIOR BODY PARTS IN BACK OF THE BODY
POSTERIOR IS THE TERM OF DIRECTION
DORSAL IS THE TERM OF MOVEMENT

23. PROXIMAL BODY PARTS CLOSE TO THE POINT O R REFERENCE
EXAMPLE MAIN TRUNK OF THE BODY IS A POINT OF REFERENCE TO THE ARMS AND LEGS
EXAMPLE : THE NOSE IS PROXIMAL TO THE SHOULDER

25. DISTAL BODY PARTS AWAY FROM THE POINT OF REFERENCE
EXAMPLE: TOES ARE DISTAL TO THE THIGH

26. Major Body Cavities

27. Quadrants of the Abdomen

28. Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen

29. Cytology
The study of the formation, structure, and function of cells, including:
Chromosomes
DNA
Genetics

30. Histology
The study of tissues, which are composed of cells that join together to perform specific functions, including:
Nervous Tissue
Epithelial Tissues
Connective Tissues
Muscle Tissue

31. Glands
Specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body, including:
Exocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands

32. Organ and Body Systems
Body parts are organized into systems according to function.
Examples:
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Cardiovascular System

33. Pathology
The study of structural and functional changes caused by disease.

34. CHROMOSOMES
The nucleus of each cell contains 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs
Sex cells are known as gametes