1. Cloning
Describe the production of natural clones in plants: vegetative propagation in elm trees

2. Careful! Make sure you distinguish between
What is a clone?
E.g. Bacterial populations,
identical twins, strawberry plants
Clone:
gene, cell or organism which carries same genetic information
from the same original DNA
Careful! Make sure you distinguish between
cloned genes,
cloned cells
or cloned organisms

3. Asexual reproduction Advantages Quick
No need for another organism (if sexual rep impossible)
All offspring have alleles which enable survival
Disadvantages
No genetic variation: population may be vulnerable to change in environment

4. Vegetative reproduction by suckers

5. How it works Destruction of main trunk 
Root suckers / basal sprouts appear
From meristem tissue in trunk
Close to ground
Forms circle of new growth- clonal patch

6. Asexual reproduction in plants= vegetative propagation (in elm trees)
Advantages
Helps plants spread
Enables survival following damage to parent tree (disease, burning, felling)
Disadvantages
Susceptible to disease- no genetic variation
E.g. Dutch elm disease fungal disease carried by beetle
Now do questions on p153

7. The pathogen, the vector and the damage
Ophiostoma ulmi.
Ulmus procera
Scolytus multistriatus

8. Questions
What advantage would it be for elm trees to reproduce both sexually and asexually?
Why is it called vegetative?
Describe how varieties of elm tree might be produced which are resistant to Dutch elm disease.

9. Artificial clones and agriculture
Describe the production of artificial clones from tissue culture
Discuss advantages and disadvantages of plant cloning in agriculture

10. Micro-propagation Definition:
Growing plants from seed or small pieces of tissue under sterile conditions on specially selected media (

12. The process stock plant care explant selection
Sterilization – killing bacteria
media manipulation – using the correct nutrient
acclimation – correct temperature and humidity
growing on of liners.

13. Micro-propagation
Mass production of plants by placing tiny pieces of plant tissue in sterile glass containers along with nutrients.
Perfect clones of superplants are produced in sterile cabinets, with filtered air and carefully controlled light, temperature, and humidity.
Uses:-the house-plant industry and for forestry –
Gives immediate results, whereas obtaining genetically homogeneous tree seed by traditional means would take over a hundred years.

14. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker_gene
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Powerpoint – v good

15. How it’s done Taking cuttings Grafting Rootstock
Roots develop here, below node
Clone of original plant

16. Tissue culture Small piece of tissue cut from plant explant
Placed in nutrient growth medium
Mitosis undifferentiated mass- callus
Callus cells placed on growth medium + plant hormones
Plantlets transferred to new growth medium
Then to greenhouse

17. Micropropagation by callus tissue culture
Advantages
Very large numbers of plants
Genetically identical- same yield, taste, colour.
Free of disease
Same time to harvest- reduces cost
Disadvantages
Susceptible to pests and diseases
N.B. This is not
genetic engineering,
but a form of selective breeding

18. Why must meristem cells be present?
Explain why tissue culture is not genetic engineering
Why might it be useful to graft material from a good ruit producing tree on to a different rootstock?

19. Cloning in animals: genetically identical organisms
Describe how artificial clones of animals can be produced
Discuss advantages and disadvantages of cloning animals
Outline differences between reproductive and non-reproductive cloning

20. Reproductive cloning 2 methods: 1)Splitting embryos
Produces whole new organisms which are genetically identical to parent
2 methods:
1)Splitting embryos
2)Transfer of nucleus

21. How is it done?
Use the 1st animation on the next slide to find out about:
Artificial identical twins
Somatic cell nuclear transfer / enucleated eggs
Then use the 2nd animation to try cloning a mouse ☺
Review the whole process using 3rd one

22. Cloning animations

23. Advantages and disadvantages

24. Non-reproductive cloning
Uses cloned cells to produce new cells, tissues and organs