1. CE 408 Highway and Traffic Engineering

2. What is Transportation?
Transportation is a way of moving people or things from one place to another.

3. Modes of Transportation
Land (roads and
railways)
Water(seaports)
Air(airports)

4. Modes of Transportation

5. Highway Engineering
Highway engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil engineering that involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods

6. Traffic Engineering
Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways.
It focuses mainly on research for safe and efficient traffic flow, such as road geometry, sidewalks and crosswalks, segregated cycle facilities, shared lane marking, traffic signs, road surface markings and traffic lights.
Traffic engineering deals with the functional part of transportation system, except the infrastructures provided.

7. Elements of Transportation
There are three main elements of automobile transportation:
The road users (Drivers and pedestrians)
The vehicle
The road way and geometric design of roads

8. Classification of Highways
Depending on weather
All weather roads
Fair weather roads
Depending the type of Carriage way
Paved roads
Unpaved roads
Depending upon the pavement surface
Surfaced roads
Un surfaced roads
National highway act ( 1956 )

9. Cont…,
Based on the Traffic Volume
Heavy
Medium
Light

10. Based on modified system of Highways classification
Primary
Expressways
National Highways
Secondary
State Highway
Major District Roads
Tertiary
Ordinary district Roads
Village Roads

11. Expressways Heavy traffic at high speed (120km/hr) Land Width (90m)
Connects major points of traffic generation
No slow moving traffic allowed
No loading, unloading, parking.

12. National Highways
The National Highways of Pakistan consists of all public highways maintained by National Highways Authority under the Ministry of Transport.
It maintains over 12,000 kilometres (7,500 mi) of roadways organised into various classifications which crisscross the country and provide access to major population centres.. 
All national highways in Pakistan are pre-fixed with the letter 'N' (for "National") followed by the unique numerical designation of the specific highway (with a hyphen in the middle), e.g. "N-5". Each numerical designation is separated by five numerals, i.e. N-5, N-10, N-15, etc.

13. State Highways
They are the arterial roads of a state, connecting up with the national highways of adjacent states, district head quarters and important cities within the state.

14. Major District Roads
Important roads with in a district serving areas of production and markets , connecting those with each other or with the major highways.

15. Other district roads
Roads serving rural areas of production and providing them with outlet to market centers or other important roads like MDR or SH.

16. Village roads
They are roads connecting villages or group of villages with each other or to the nearest road of a higher category like ODR or MDR.

17. Urban Road Classification
ARTERIAL ROADS
SUB ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL STREET
PATHWAY
DRIVEWAY

18. All roads
arterials
principle
Full control
interstates
Freeways/expresways
uncontrolled
minor
Non arterials
local
collector
major

19. ARTERIAL
Arterials primarily serve long-distance travel and are typically designed as either access controlled or partially access controlled facilities with limited locations at which vehicles can enter or exit the roadway (typically via on- or off-ramps).
Design Speed : 80km/hr
Land width : 50 – 60m
Divided roads with full or partial parking
Pedestrian allowed to walk only at intersection

20. SUB ARTERIAL Less mobility than arterial. Design speed : 60 km/hr
Land width : 30 – 40 m

21. Collector Street
As their name implies, Collectors “collect” traffic from Local Roads and connect traffic to Arterial roadways.
Collector routes are typically shorter than Arterial routes but longer than Local Roads.
(Collects and distributes traffic from local streets
Provides access to arterial roads
Located in residential, business and industrial areas.
Full access allowed.
Parking permitted.
Design speed : 50km/hr
Land Width : 20-30m

22. Local Street Design Speed : 30km/hr. Land Width : 10 – 20m.
Primary access to residence, business or other abutting property
Less volume of traffic at slow speed
Origin and termination of trips.
Unrestricted parking, pedestrian movements. (with frontage access, parked vehicle, bus stops and no waiting restrictions)

23. Engineering Surveys for Highway locations
Provisional alignment Identification ( Map study)
Reconnaissance survey
Preliminary survey
Final location to determine center line and detailed survey

24. SURVEY Art of observing and making measurements of relative
portions of natural and manmade
features on the surface of earth
and plotting these measurements
to some suitable scale to
form a map.

25. SURVEY FOR A HIGHWAY
Highway surveys involve measurement and calculation of distances, angles (horizontal and
vertical) and elevations.
The data is then used to form a base map with contour lines and longitudinal cross- sections.

26. SURVEYING TECHNIQUES Three major categories 1. Ground Surveys
Basic equipment is used for location survey
Measuring Tape.
Levels.
Theodolite.
Electronic distance measuring devices (EDM’s).

27. Cont..,
2. Remote Sensing
Measurement of distances and elevations by using devices located above the surface of earth.
Data is collected through airplanes and satellites using global positioning systems (GPS).
Photogrammetry (data is obtained with the help of aerial photographs) is the most commonly used technique.

28. Cont.., 3. Computer Graphics
Available/collected data is compiled and stored in the electronic form.
Photogrammetric and general survey data is combined digitally with the help of softwares.
The files can then be plotted in the form of maps.

29. LOCATION CONTROLS
Location controls are basically the factors that effects the selection of location of a highway
Major factors are:
Topography.
Soil Characteristics.
Environmental factors (noise and air pollution).
Economic factors.

30. HIGHWAY LOCATION SURVEY/PROCESS
Highway location process have four phases
Desk study of available data/information
Reconnaissance survey
Preliminary location survey
Final location survey

31. DESK STUDY OF AVAILABLE DATA
Available data in the form of reports, maps,aerial photographs and charts is studied.
Data is obtained form government authorities e.g. transport department (NHA), geological survey of Pakistan etc.
Similarly, information is required to be obtained on hydrology, mining, agriculture and weather.

32. Cont.., Data is obtained on the following characteristics:
Engineering (topography, geology, traffic volume and climate)
Social (land use trends and zoning)
Environmental (air, noise and water pollution, wildlife, historic and archaeological sites)
Economic (construction cost, agricultural, commercial and industrial trends)

33. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
“Reconnaissance is the process of identifying several possible routes & evaluating the feasibility of these routes for a highway between specific points”
Aerial photographs are often used for the purpose, especially for rural areas.

34. Cont..,
Feasible routes are identifies by keeping in mind the following factors
Terrain and soil conditions.
Serviceability of route to industrial and residential areas.
Crossing of other transportation facilities like rivers, rail and highways.
Route directness.

35. Cont..,
Identification of control points for each feasible/selected route.
Routes are then plotted on a map.

36. PRELIMINARY LOCATION SURVEY
The position of the feasible routes are set as closely as possible by Establishing all control points.
Determining preliminary vertical and horizontal alignments of each control point
Economic and environmental feasibility of the routes
The best route is then selected as the preliminary alignment for the highway.

37. Economic Evaluation
Initial cost of the project and future economic effects
Road user cost
Construction cost
Road user benefits
Economic drawbacks from the project
Information also helps in deciding the type of highway for a particular route.

38. Environmental Evaluation
Environment Includes
plant
animals
Human community
Effects on quality of life for all (animals and human being)

39. Environmental Evaluation
An environmental impact statement should be submitted which should include
Available alternatives
Assessment of all positive and negative impacts
Short and long term effects
Unavoidable adverse environmental effects
Use of natural resources
Each route should be studied
e.g. Positive and negative effects of at grade or grade seperated intersection.

40. FINAL LOCATION SURVEY
Detailed layout of the selected route is carried out at this stage
Centreline of the road.
Horizontal and vertical alignment.
Property lines.
Intersecting roads.
Position of structures and drainage channels.

41. DETAILED SURVEY FOR FINAL LOCATION
Transferring the alignment on to ground.
Detail Survey – levelling work for longitudinal and transverse direction.
Intervals for cross sectional levelling
Plain 50 – 100m
Rolling 50 – 75m
Built up 50m
Hilly 20m
Soil Profile

42. LOCATION OF HIGHWAY IN URBAN AREAS
Factors that effect location of highway in urban areas
Connection to local streets (which street to connect,traffic flow)
Right-of-way acquisition (land cost, road on elevated structures, noise and aesthetics)
Coordination with other transportation systems
Provisions for bicycles and pedestrians (sidewalks,crosswalks, traffic control devices, ramps, bicycle path)

43. Comparison of Conventional and Modern Methods of Surveying
Elements of comparison
Conventional
Modern
Maps- Base material
Topo sheets
RS data, Aerial Photos, Satellite Imageries
Instruments
Chains, Tapes, Theodolite, Dumpy levels
EDM, Total Station, GPS, Auto and Digital Level, Photogrammetry.
Accuracy
Chain/Tape 1 in 3000 to 1 in 30,000
Tacheometer 1 in 1000 to 1 in 10,000
EDM/TS 1 in to 1 in 1,00,000
Photogrammetry. 1 in to 1 in 1,00,000
Plotting
CAD Systems
Software
Errors
Human errors
Closing Errors hence re measuring is required.