1. Human Health & Physiology 1. Digestion 3. Transport Systems 4. Disease & Immunity 5. Gas Exchange6. The Nervous System 7. Hormonal Control 8. Homeostasis 10. Reproduction

2. 6.3.7 - Outline the effects of HIV on the immune system 6.3.8 - Discuss the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDS

3. What do you think when you hear… AIDS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMkPCL59hNM

7. Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Cause – HIV virus. First case reported to CDC in early 80’S – recognised in 1981, purified in 1983 HIV traces found in samples from 50’s and 60’s Transmission: By Blood Only - Mother  child in womb or by breast feeding - Transfusion - Contaminated needle / Unlucky events - Sexual intercourse/Sex acts (higher likelihood in homosexual men/with toys) - Poor medical practice

8. Origin? Topic 5…. How many potential origins?

9. Tutorial & Info http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/education- materials/fact-sheets/19/45/hiv-aids-- the-basics# http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutor ials/aids/htm/_no_50_no_0.htm

10. HIV Tiny retrovirus 0.1 µm consisting of two strands of RNA, enzymes and a protein coat Infects lymphocytes (CD4 T helper cells)

11. Retroviruses (RNA viruses) Viral RNA is converted into DNA within host’s cells and becomes part of host’s DNA Relies on Reverse transcriptase. DNA created from viral RNA is ‘spliced’ into host’s chromosome Here it remains latent for ~10 years unless anti-retroviral drugs taken After ‘latent period’ genes are activated and produce new viral particles which bud off leaving lymphocyte damaged New virus particles enter more lymphocytes with the CD4 antibody http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ng22Ucr33aw

12. HIV HIV virus replicates in specific T-helper cells which have a special protein on their membrane known as CD4. HIV has ‘tricks’ that help it evade the body's defences, including rapid mutation and a long latent period Once HIV has taken hold, the immune system can never fully get rid of it http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2h0ECyMWhE

14. CD4 lymphocyte deficiency is associated with AIDS and leads to reduced antibody and ‘killer’ production as this cell helps the others function

15. AIDS The final stages of the disease Lowering CD4 cells, reduces number of active lymphocytes - compromising persons ability to fight off infection and produce antibodies Infections as a result of aids: Opportunistic infections A compromised immune system & >2 opportunistic infections = AIDS The most common causes of death in someone with AIDS is TB or pneumonia. 6.3.8 Discuss the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDS

16. AIDS 6.3.8 Discuss the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDS Social Implications Mandatory testing? - Ostracising of infected, particularly homosexuals - Unease over blood transfusions - Changes in sexual behaviour  condoms Stigma/discrimination Unemployment and poverty? Those dyeing are at productive age Orphans, Welfare resources Poverty may increase Moral obligation for assistance from wealthier countries? http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15220054

17. Debate “HIV testing should be mandatory for health care professionals, teachers and all professions that come into close contact with the vunerable” What do you think?