1. Tree Map! With a partner, you will now make a tree map.
Your tree will have two main branches—
Parts of government
Outside organizations that limit government.
For each branch, I want you to tell me:
Two important purposes of that branch in an advanced democracy.
One way that that branch could be different in an illiberal democracy or authoritarian regime.

2. Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces within a state
EQ: What makes a country legitimate in the eyes of it’s citizens?

3. Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
Centripetal Forces—Forces that pull a country together
Centrifugal Forces—Forces that cause fighting within a country
Examples?

4. Legitimacy
Legitimacy—A government’s right to rule in the eyes of its own citizens.
3 Types of legitimacy
Traditional legitimacy
Charismatic legitimacy
Rational-legal legitimacy

5. Traditional Legitimacy
Tradition determines who should rule and how.
Can be based on religious beliefs (sharia law)
Can be based on Mandate of Heaven
Can be based on family rule
Royal family in Great Britain

6. Charismatic Legitimacy
Based on the dynamic personality of an individual or group.
Generally very short-lived, lasts one generation.
Can be very strong for a short period of time.

7. Rational-legal legitimacy
Legitimacy is based on a system of well established laws and procedures
Anchored by strong institutions
Based on the acceptance of rule of law
The system lasts beyond one individual
Do the British have a Constitution?

8. Types of Law
Common Law—Law based on tradition, past practices, and legislation, and past legal rulings
Ex. United Kingdom
Code law—Based on a comprehensive system of written rules
Ex. Mexico, China, Russia

9. Cleavages Divisions within a society that result in hostile feelings.
Examples in the United States?

10. Social Class Cleavages
Cleavages based on economic or social class
Biggest cleavage in the UK in the 20th century
Worsened if there are large gaps between economic classes
Working/lower class
Middle Class
Upper class

11. Ethnic Cleavages The most divisive cleavage for most countries
Big cause of the dissolution of the USSR
Can lead to competing nationalisms within a country

12. Religious Cleavages Divisions within a country based on religion
Sometimes closely related to ethnicity, but not always

13. Regional Cleavages
Within many states, different regions have different political values and attitudes.
Often linked to economic or ethnic differences between regions.

14. Coinciding and Crosscutting Cleavages
Coinciding Cleavage—Multiple disputes that align the same groups against each other.
Ex.—Travon Martin—How?
Cross-cutting cleavages—Disputes that unite groups that are normally hostile to each other, or divide groups that are normally in agreement.
Ex.—Syrian War and Congress

15. Public Policy
The laws that are passed and implemented by the government.
Many times, public policy is used to ensure legitimacy and to attempt to minimize cleavages.

16. Review!
Do you think the United States has more centripetal or centrifugal forces?
What type of legitimacy do you think the President Obama has? Why?
What is the difference between common and codified law?
Give an example of a social cleavage anywhere in the world.
Give an example of an ethnic cleavage anywhere in the world.
Give an example of a regional cleavage anywhere in the world.

17. Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces in Our School
Please answer the following questions on a sheet of paper. NO NAMES
How strong do you think the legitimacy of our school administration is? Explain.
What type of legitimacy do you think our administration best fits?
Do you think our school has more centripetal or centrifugal forces? Why?
What do you think are the strongest cleavages at our school? Classify and explain.
What policies has our school enacted to address those cleavages?
If, for any question, you cannot think of an answer, you may make up something for our school or substitute the United States.

18. Sovereignty– The authority of a state to govern itself and its territory
Failed state—A state/government that has lost the ability to govern its territory