1. HYDRATES “A solid compound containing water molecules combined in a definite ratio as an integral part of the crystal”

2. What is a Hydrate? Any salt that has water chemically bonded to the ions in the crystal structure is a hydrate or hydrated crystal. – Copper(II) sulfate is a hydrate. – Hydrated copper(II) sulfate is deep blue in color.

3. What does the Chemical Formula of A Hydrate Look Like? BaCl 2 2H 2 O FeSO 4 6H 2 O Na 2 CO 3 10H 2 O CuSO 4 5H 2 O

4. How are Names of Hydrates Written? BaCl 2 2H 2 O FeSO 4 6H 2 O Na 2 CO 3 10H 2 O CuSO 4 5H 2 O BaCl 2 2H 2 O barium chloride dihydrate FeSO 4 6H 2 O iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate Na 2 CO 3 10H 2 O sodium carbonate decahydrate CuSO 4 5H 2 O copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate

5. What prefixes are used? 0.5hemi 7hepta 1mono8octa 2di9nona 3tri10deca 4tetra11undeca 5penta12dodeca 6hexa 13triskaideca

6. Practice Naming http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/nomen clature/hydrates_2009.htm http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/nomen clature/hydrates_2009.htm

7. How can the water be removed? Heat the crystal. The water is loosely bound, and will come away as water vapor. Put the crystal in contact with or near a desiccant, maybe in a desiccator.

8. What is the compound called after the water has been removed? Anhydride (noun) – The light blue powder is the anhydride. Anhydrous (adjective) – Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is left in the test tube after heating.

9. How is a hydrate formed? A substance that absorbs water from the air is said to be hygroscopic.

10. How to find the formula of a Hydrate To determine the water content of an ionic hydrate sample, we measure the mass of the sample before and after heating. Based on the analysis, we can express the water content of the hydrate

11. Finding Formula of a hydrate calculate the mass % of water in the hydrate. mass of water in the hydrate sample equals the mass lost upon heating. Based on the mass of water and total sample mass, we can calculate the mass percent of water

12. Mass percent of water, % = (mass of water/ mass of original sample) x 100

13. Determine number of moles Mass of anyhdrous portion = mass of substance left after heating Figure out how many moles there are of water and of anhydrous portion Divide number of moles of water by the number of moles of anhydrous portion – this gives you the number of moles of hydration

14. Finding Moles of Water of Hydration Number of moles of waters of hydration = moles of water/ moles of anhydrous compound

15. Writing the formula Once we have determined the number of moles of the water of hydration, we can write the chemical formula for the anhydrous compound, followed by a raised dot, followed by the number of waters of hydration obtained by calculation.

16. Example hydrate problem Let’s make things a little more clear