1. Presented to: By: Date: Federal Aviation Administration Lithium Ion Battery Cells – Risks and Hazards ICAO FAA Fire Safety 09-11-2014 LiCoO2.432Wh LiCoO2 1.8Wh LiFePO4 1.92Wh LiFePO4 2.25Wh LiCoO2 2.7Wh LiCoO2 2.96Wh LiCoO2 3.168Wh LiCoO2 9.62Wh LiFePO4 9.6Wh LiFePO4 10.56Wh LiNiMnO2 13Wh LiMnNi 14.4Wh

2. 2 Federal Aviation Administration Lithium Ion Battery Cells – Risks and Hazards 09-11-14 Lithium-Ion: Chemistry Variation 2 LiFePO 4 Max Cell Temp: 357C LiNiMnCoO 2 Max Cell Temp: 563C LiMnNi Max Cell Temp: 757C

3. 3 Federal Aviation Administration Lithium Ion Battery Cells – Risks and Hazards 09-11-14 5 Stacked E-Tablets 3

4. 4 Federal Aviation Administration Lithium Ion Battery Cells – Risks and Hazards 09-11-14 Li-Ion Combustion Chamber Test 4 Maximum Pressure: 28 PSI

5. 5 Federal Aviation Administration Lithium Ion Battery Cells – Risks and Hazards 09-11-14 Paper from SAE International 5 K g : Explosion Index (Proportional to Rate of Pressure Rise) Pressure rise of LiCoO 2 cells at 100% SOC Components of vented gas Quantification of Combustion Hazards of Thermal Runaway Failures in Lithium-Ion Batteries Somandepalli et al / SAE Int. J. Alt. Power. / Volume 3, Issue 1 (May 2014) Paper number: 2014-01-1857

6. 6 Federal Aviation Administration Lithium Ion Battery Cells – Risks and Hazards 09-11-14 Summary Cells without adequate vents can explode. Heat release, propagation and flammability vary among different chemistries of Lithium-Ion cells. Vented gasses can accumulate and cause an explosion. Composition of vented gasses contain H 2, Hydrocarbons, CO, CO 2 and concentrations vary with SOC. 6