1. MULTINATIONALISM and the CHANGING POLITICAL LANDSCAPE

2. Devolution
The movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state.
WHO??

3. Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements
Many of Europe’s devolutionary movements came from nations within a state that define themselves as distinct ethnically, linguistically, or religiously.

4. Examples of devolution in Europe
Scotland: against joining the EU, wanted independence
-oil and natural gas revenues would flow to Scotland, not London
-taxpayers funds would serve Scotland instead of the UK
1997 Scotland and Wales voted for devolution and their own parliaments were created.
This gave rise to the idea of independence, not satisfied with being part of the UK

5. Basque separatists in Spain
Regionalism: minority group self-awareness and identification with a region instead of a state.
Basque separatists in Spain
Separatists in Corsica want to leave France.

6. Other ethnocultural devolution
Yugoslavia
Bretons in France
Czechoslovakia: Became Slovakia and Czech Rep
Slovakia: border between Slovakia and Hungary has 11% Hungarians
Hungarians face discrimination based on language and culture and want greater autonomy

7. Changes in Europe due to Ethnonationalism
1. formation of new states
2. more power to regions, new legislatures (parliaments)
3. linguistic or religious revival
4. regional separatism
5. political instability (civil war, fighting, hostility, ethnic cleansing, conflict)
6. Economic instability (economy declining)
7. Mass migration(refugees, emigration)

8. Other examples of devolution
Sri Lanka
Canada: Quebec
Soviet Union into 15 independent states
(Chechnya)
Sudan: Muslim North and non-Muslim south
Western China: Uyghur separatist movement
Palestinians in Israel
Subnationalism: give their primary allegiance to traditional groups or nations that are smaller than the population of the entire state.
Self-determination

9. Economic Devolutionary Forces
Catalonia in Spain: cite economics: 6% of territory and 17% of population, produces 25% of Spanish exports and 40% industrial exports.
Mezzogiorno region of Italy, rich core of Europe separate from poor south.

10. Economic Devolution in Brazil
3 Southernmost States of Rio Grande Do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Parana.
Government misspending their tax money on assistance to Amazonia.
-found a leader
-created a flag
-demanded independence calling themselves Republic of Pampas
(govt outlawed this party)

11. Spatial Devolutionary Forces
Most of the places seeking devolution are on the margins or periphery of a state or are isolated islands.
-distance
-remoteness
-marginal locations, sometimes separated by a river, mt, or desert from central power
Hawai’i:
-right to reestablish an independent state called Hawai’I
-Island of Kauai or part of the island

12. Supranationalism
The efforts of three or more states to forge associations for common advantage and in pursuit of common goals
International sanctions
From League of Nations to United Nations

13. The United Nations
Representation of countries has been more universal than that of the League

14. The United Nations Peacekeeping operations Unrepresented peoples
Internal conflicts
Not always successful
> 40,000 peacekeeping troops serve
The UN peacekeeping function provides major benefits to the international community
Unrepresented peoples
UNPO
By 2002 had 51 members and 13 applicants

15. The Law of The Sea UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982
The Truman Proclamation
Widening maritime claims
The UNCLOS process
Main provisions of the treaty:
The territorial sea—12 nautical miles
The exclusive economic zone (EEZ)—200 to 350 nautical miles
Median lines
States on opposite coasts divide the waters separating them
The “High Seas”…

17. Regional Multinational Unions
The first multinational union
Benelux—Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
The Marshall Plan
First-step of cooperation among European states

18. Toward a European Union
The Organization of the European Economic Community (OEEC)
France proposed a union with six other states called the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
The ECSC through negotiations and agreement led to the formation of the Common Market (EEC)
Expansion created the European Community (EC)
In 1992, further expansion led to creation of the European Union (EU)

20. Changes resulting from supranationalism in Europe
1. larger market (greater trade, reduced tariffs, greater economic prosperity)
2. Greater international influence(greater pol/eco power, greater ability to compete with economies of other countries)
3. Open borders (labor, tourists)
4. common currency (EURO)
5. Common policy (resources, agriculture, economic, environment, trade, military) or loss of control over individual policy
6. Loss of identity
7. War is less likely

21. Regional Multinational Unions
Toward a European Union
The future of European Supranationalism
Difficult
The United Kingdom did not allow its citizens to vote on membership in the EU
Expansion
May cause strains
Progress toward supranational goals tends to be cyclic and flourishes when economic times are good

22. Regional Multinational Unions
Supranationalism elsewhere
NAFTA—the North American Free Trade Agreement
CARICOM
South America’s MERCOSUR
ECOWAS
Today, new groups are forming in almost all parts of the world
FTAA—Free Trade Area of the Americas
Other forms of Supranationalism
NATO
Cultural unions
Political unions

25. Resources
De Blij, Harm, J. (2007). Human Geography People, Place and Culture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Domosh, Mona, Neumann, Roderic, Price, Patricia, & Jordan-Bychkov, The Human Mosaic, A Cultural Approach to Human Geography. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
Fellman, Jerome, D., Getis, Arthur, & Getis, Judith, Human Geography, Landscapes of Human Activities. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Pulsipher, Lydia Mihelic and Alex M. and Pulsipher, World Regional Geography, Global Patterns, Local Lives. W.H. Freeman and Company New York  
Rubenstein, James M. (2008). An introduction to human geography The cultural landscape. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Benewick, Robert, & Donald, Stephanie H. (2005). The State of
China Atlas. Berkeley: University of California Press.