1. FREEDOM, ORDER, OR EQUALITY?
Chapter 1
FREEDOM, ORDER, OR EQUALITY?

2. Learning Outcomes
1.1 Define globalization and explain how globalization affects American politics and government. 1.2 Identify the purposes that government serves and trace their historical roots. 1.3 Describe how political scientists use concepts to structure events and promote understanding.
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3. Learning Outcomes
1.4 Define freedom, order, and equality and discuss the various interpretations of each value. 1.5 Analyze the inherent conflicts between freedom versus order and freedom versus equality.
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4. Learning Outcomes
1.6 Distinguish among these terms: totalitarianism, socialism, capitalism, libertarianism, and anarchism. 1.7 Explain how liberals, conservatives, libertarians, and communitarians view the role of government.
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5. The Globalization of American Government
Legitimate use of force within specified geographical boundaries to control human behavior
National Sovereignty
Each national government has the right to govern its people without interference from other nations
Threatened by globalization
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6. The Purposes of Government
Maintaining Order
Hobbes’ sovereign ruler
Preserving life
Liberalism
Locke – life, liberty, and property
Communism
Marx – government ownership of land and productive facilities
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7. Leviathan, Hobbe’s All-Powerful Sovereign
This engraving is from the 1651 edition of Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes. It shows Hobbes’s sovereign brandishing a sword in one hand and the scepter of justice in the other. He watches over an orderly town, made peaceful by his absolute authority. But note that the sovereign’s body is composed of tiny images of his subjects. He exists only through them. Hobbes explains that such government power can be created only if people ‘‘confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, that may reduce all their wills, by plurality of voices, unto one will.’’
Mary Evans Picture Library/Alamy
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8. The Purposes of Government
Providing Public Goods
Benefits and services available to everyone
Controversial: What goods or services are appropriate?
Promoting Equality
Programs to reduce social inequality
Controversial: redistributing income to promote economic equality, differing social values
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9. Rosa Parks: She Sat for Equality
Rosa Parks had just finished a day’s work as a seamstress and was sitting in the front of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, going home. A white man claimed her seat, which he could do according to the law in December When she refused to move and was arrested, outraged blacks, led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., began a boycott of the Montgomery bus company. Rosa Parks died in 2005 at age ninety-two and was accorded the honor of lying in state in the Capitol rotunda, the first woman to receive that tribute.
Gene Herrick /AP Photo
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10. A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Government
Values Pursued by Government
Freedom
Order
Equality
Models of Democratic Government
Majoritarian Democracy
Pluralist Democracy
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11. The Concepts of Freedom, Order, and Equality
Freedom of : absence of constraints on behavior
Freedom from: Fight against exploitation and oppression; equality
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12. The Concepts of Freedom, Order, and Equality
Preserving life and protecting property
Preserving social order
Police power –authority to safeguard residents’ safety, health, welfare, and morals
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13. The Concepts of Freedom, Order, and Equality
Political equality: one person, one vote
Social equality: wealth, education, and status
Equality of opportunity: each person has the same chance to succeed
Equality of outcome: society must ensure people are equal socially and economically
Government-supported rights
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14. Equality in the Military
While they still have a long way to go, women are being treated more
equally in the military. Although they are not allowed in units engaged
in direct combat, women nevertheless often find themselves in other
combat situations and consequently risk being killed. As of August
2010, 124 women in the U.S. military had been killed by hostile fire
in Iraq. That’s more than twice as many women killed in the military
from the end of World War II to the start of the Iraq war.
Source: Memorial website at
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15. Two Dilemmas of Government
Maintaining Order and Promoting Equality
Require sacrifices in individual freedom
Original Dilemma: Freedom Versus Order
Protect life, property, and make citizens safe from violence and spread of disease
Conflict between values of freedom and order: policy to strengthen one takes away from the other
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16. Two Dilemmas of Government
Modern Dilemma: Freedom vs. Equality
Values clash when government enacts policies to promote social equality
Equal Pay Act
School busing
Discrimination (employment, public services, genetic testing, etc.)
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17. Ideology and the Scope of Government
Totalitarianism
Government should have unlimited power
Socialism
Scope of government extends to ownership or control of basic industries that produce goods/services
Democratic socialism
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18. Ideology and the Scope of Government
Capitalism
Supports free enterprise
Libertarianism
Opposed to all government action except to protect life and property
Laissez faire economics
Anarchism
Opposes government of any form
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19. Anarchists at the Inauguration
Anarchism as a philosophy views government as an unnecessary evil. Anarchists operate several websites that oppose capitalism and government in general. Their symbol is a circle and bar surrounding the letter “A.” Here is their view of NATO and the world’s eight leading economies, called G-8.
© Kevin Downs/Demotix/Corbis
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20. Ideology and the Scope of Government
Liberals and Conservatives: The Narrow Middle
Practical politics in the U.S. ranges over center of ideological continuum
Liberals
Conservatives
Favor more government spending, programs and regulation
Favor less government spending, programs and regulation
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21. Ideology and the Scope of Government
Figure 1.1: Ideology and the Scope of Government
We can classify political ideologies according to the scope of action that people are willing to allow government in dealing with social and economic problems. In this chart, the three rows map out various philosophical positions along an underlying continuum ranging from least to most government. Notice that conventional politics in the United States spans only a narrow portion of the theoretical possibilities for government action. In popular usage, liberals favor a greater scope of government, and conservatives want a narrower scope. But over time, the traditional distinction has eroded and now oversimplifies the differences between liberals and conservatives. Figure 1.2 offers a more discriminating classification of liberals and conservatives.
Source: © Cengage Learning.
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

22. American Political Ideologies and the Purpose of Government
Liberals vs. Conservatives: New Differences
Today: differences focus on purpose of government
Conservatives: support maintenance of social order
Liberals: support use of government to promote equality
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23. American Political Ideologies and the Purpose of Government
Two-Dimensional Classification of Ideologies: Freedom and Order
Libertarians: value freedom more than order or equality
Liberals: value freedom more than order, but not more than equality
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24. American Political Ideologies and the Purpose of Government
Two-Dimensional Classification of Ideologies: Freedom and Order
Conservatives: value freedom more than equality, would restrict it to preserve social order
Communitarians: value both equality and order more than freedom
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25. Ideologies: A Two- Dimensional Framework
Figure 1.2: Ideologies: A Two-Dimensional Framework
The four ideological types are defined by the values they favor in resolving the two major dilemmas of government: how much freedom should be sacrificed in pursuit of order and equality, respectively. Test yourself by thinking about the values that are most important to you. Which box in the figure best represents your combination of values?
Source: © Cengage Learning.
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning