1. Discussion Questions 1. Did marriage and the family—both Catholic and Protestant—undergo a “radical reconstruction” (p. 656)? Did the Reformation era witness a “radical reconstruction of the relationship of the sexes” (pp. 665-66)? 2. MacCulloch writes: “The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation are far from dead” (p. 702). Was this statement true of Europe around 1700 given the various “outcomes” of the Reformation?

2. Identifications  bundling, sodomy, favourites, revolution of manners, guaiacum, espousal, Tametsi, St. Joseph, enclosure, Mary Ward, Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Ursulines, Sisters of Charity (aka Daughters of Charity), closed season for marriage, Pietism

3. Love and Sex: Staying the Same  A Common Legacy  The Family in Society  The Fear of Sodomy

4. Love and Sex: Staying the Same: A Common Legacy  “What Christian theologians asserted about men, women and sexuality was nonsense, but it was ancient nonsense, and humanity has always been inclined to respect the assertion of ancient wisdom” (611)  “a lunatic coherence” (611)

5. Love and Sex: Staying the Same: A Common Legacy  Protestantism and Mary  Incarnation of Christ  Perpetual virginity

6. Love and Sex: Staying the Same: The Family in Society  Nuclear family, extended family  Relatively late age for marriage  Servants  Death of spouse  Affectionless families?

7. Love and Sex: Staying the Same: The Fear of Sodomy  Homosexuality as extreme disorder  Sodomites(?): Catholic priests, Protestant heretics, Turks / Muslims  Effeminacy  end of the seventeenth century: emergence of a gay subculture in London, Amsterdam: “the end of the Reformation”? (629)

8. Love and Sex: Moving On  The ‘Reformation of Manners’  Catholicism, the Family and Celibacy  Protestantism and the Family  Choices in Religion

9. Love and Sex: Moving On: The Reformation of Manners  state intervention in moral life  closing of brothels  regulation of marriage vs. premarital sex  Bavaria: Law for Morality and Religion (1598)  Syphilis / French pox / guaiacum

10. Love and Sex: Moving On: Catholicism, the Family, and Celibacy  Council of Trent, Tametsi vs. clandestine marriage  Sacredness of family  St. Joseph: a different type of man, model of conversion, comfort to Church papist  Prominence of Mary, Our Lady of Victory

11. Love and Sex: Moving On: Catholicism, the Family, and Celibacy  Clerical celibacy  Female religious orders  enclosure  active life?  Mary Ward  Ursulines  Sisters of Charity

12. Love and Sex: Moving On: Protestantism and the Family  In praise of marriage  When fathers ruled When fathers ruled  not a sacrament but sacred  Married clergy  Clergy wife  Divorce, bigamy, spiritual fornication  the place of women in Protestant society  of people and pews

13. Love and Sex: Moving On: Choices in Religion  piety and gender  Societies for the Reformation of Manners  secular patriarchy

14. Outcomes  Wars of Reformation  Tolerating Difference  Cross-currents: Humanism and Natural Philosophy  Cross-currents: Judaism and Doubts  The Enlightenment and Beyond

15. Outcomes: Wars of Reformation  Geopolitical situation: “the frontier of Protestantism” (p. 670)  the Reformation: “two centuries of warfare” (p. 671)  Commonwealth and Church: growth of royal power

16. Outcomes: Tolerating Difference  Soundscape of the Reformation era: bells  medieval intolerance  concessions to religious pluralism in the sixteenth century  growing but imperfect acceptance of toleration in the seventeenth century

17. Outcomes: Cross-Currents: Humanism and Natural Philosophy  humanism in the service of confessionalization: “Both Reformers and Romanists exploited humanist scholarly techniques, but then harnessed them to theological warfare” (p. 680).  esoteric knowledge: Paracelsus, Giordano Bruno  the Bible and cosmological data: the discomforts of Copernicanism

18. Outcomes: Cross-Currents: Judaism and Doubts  abiding anti-Semitism: Erasmus, Luther, Bucer  Jewish flourishing: Prague, Amsterdam  doubt: Spinoza, Hobbes, Treatise of the Three Impostors

19. Outcomes: Cross-Currents: The Enlightenment and Beyond  abolition of God or a clearer vision of God?  Protestant revivalism: “a craving for a more personal, private religion” (p. 699): Lutheran Pietism, Methodism, evangelical Protestantism  John Wesley (1703-1791): faith and reason  research into the Bible: historical-critical method  homosexuality: “the chosen battle-ground” (p. 706)