1. Development
Use this PowerPoint to complete the brainstorm on the topic of ‘development’

2. Key words
Development is the process of change which improves the well being of society in terms of material wealth and quality of life.
Countries are in different stages of development
LEDC’s are less economically developed countries
MEDC’s are more economically developed countries
NICs – newly industrialising countries
RICs – recently Industrialised Countries

3. Measures of development
Lots of different ways development can be measured.
Can be spilt into economic (money) and social (people) indicators
Video -

4. Measures of development

5. Global pattern of Development
North/ South divided
Brandt Line – 1980’s divided the world into a rich north and poor south

6. Global pattern of Development
This line is know becoming increasingly out of date as more countries are starting to develop
India, China and Brazil ???

7. Regional patterns of development
Case-study Ghana
Ghana is a sub Saharan country
The GNI is $770 per person
It is an LEDC
45% of the population live on less than $1 a day
19% of children are malnourished
There is a north south divided within the country
Rich south and poor north

8. Make sure you can do a quick sketch map of Ghana
(remember you will only get 1 mark – so do not do a detailed map )
Get the shape right and label the capital city and surrounding countries

9. North South Divide- Facts
Facts you can use in the exam to show knowledge of case-studies
Regions
GNI
Access to health care
Child malnutrition
Greater Accra (south)
>300
81%
40.4%
Upper east (North)
<200
27%
33%

10. Causes of north/south divide
Has a coastline this has allowed the southern regions to trade easily through shipping ports.
The coast has also attracted tourism to the southern regions.
Has better infrastructure and industry has developed here.
North
North has a harsher climate and unreliable rainfall, this means that farming is also unreliable.

11. Millennium Development Goals
Videos

12. Progress – South Asian Countries
Progress slower than other regions (apart from Africa)
3% drop in extreme poverty (49% to 39%)
A good 11% gain in primary school enrolment
Cut in half the proportion of people without access to clean drinking water
Although 580 million people without sanitation
Infant mortality was 7-11%

13. Progress –Sub Saharan Africa
Made the least progress
Number of people hungry has gone down from 32% (1990) to 28% - however this is too slow

14. Aid
Video -

15. Aid

16. Shortage of clean water in Johannesburg (South Africa)
Casestudy - Lesotho Highlands Water Project
Large scale scheme to transfer water from Lesotho to South Africa (city of Johannesburg)
Shortage of clean water in Johannesburg (South Africa)
Lesotho is one of the world poorest countries, with no natural resources to sell apart from water
Scheme involved building 200km long system of tunnels and 6 dams
Cost = $8 Billion
Funded by a loan from the world Bank

17. Lesotho is shaded in yellow
Lesotho is shaded in yellow. It is located within the country of South Africa

19. Lesotho Highlands Water Project
Advantages
Disadvantages
Lesotho
Make money from selling water to South Africa
75% of the countries income comes from selling this water
The construction work created many jobs
Resulted in water shortages as water is being piped to South Africa
Funded by a loan so has to be paid back with interest
Social and environmental impacts in the building of the dams
South Africa
Supplies densely populated areas have access to clean drinking water
Many people had increased water bills before receiving improved water supply
Bills went up to fund the construction
M<much of the water is lost due to leaking pipes

20. Casestudy - Small scale water project – Oxfam, WaterAid and Rural Aid
Access to clean water and sanitation facilities in Ghana is low, particularly in rural areas.
Oxfam, WaterAid and Rural Aid (NGO’s) worked with local communities to construct hand dug wells with pumps
The project involved local people in the constructions
Uses appropriate technology
One village to benefit from the well was Asamponbisi Village
Video -

22. Small scale water project – Oxfam, WaterAid and Rural Aid
Advantages
Disadvantages
Clean water provided to villages
Children no longer have to walk miles to the nearest water source (that did not provide clean water) and instead go to school.
Reduced illness that resulted from drinking unclean water
Reduced infant mortality
Project only small scale
Only benefit the communities where the well has been built

23. Casestudy - Oxfam Primary education project
100% of children attend school in MEDCs in LEDC many children are not able to go to school, the main reason for this is poverty.
There has been a particular focus on improving education for girls. This is because: -
Girls are less likely to be educated
the child of an uneducated mother is twice as likely to die (infant morality G4)
Educated women are more likely to have a smaller family (reduces poverty G1)
Empowers women (gender equality G3)

24. Oxfam Primary education project Long term development project
Aims to provide support for primary school to Ghana
Communities here are pastoral farmers – very poor and cant afford to send their children to school
Project supports 48 primary schools
Outcomes: -
4053 enrolled at school (45% of these were girls)
Women involved in the management of school G3
Ration of books per pupil improved (from 1/5 to 2/3)

26. Large scale project vs Small scale
NGO’s in recent times tend to stick to small scale development projects. Even through these only benefits relatively small numbers of people. Small scale projects are generally run by local people and there fore do not have such a great impact on the environment and people living in an area. Small scale project = sustainable