1. Review Methods of Speaking
Speech Organization
Ceremonial Speech details

2. Methods of Speaking Memorization Manuscript Impromptu Extemporaneous
Some speakers try to deliver a speech from memory. What happens occasionally is a disaster. At some point, they suddenly forget what comes next. Frustrated, they throw up their hands and quit. Memorizing a speech is not a good idea. Even if you remembered your entire speech, you would be speaking from your memory, not from your heart. This could cause you to sound stilted and artificial.

3. Organizing Main Points Five popular patterns
Main points should be organized in a logical, easy-to-follow pattern. Let’s look at five popular patterns.

4. Groups
Define and give an example of the following organizational patterns (page 102):
Chronological
Topical
Spatial
Cause-effect
Problem-solution

5. Organizing Main Points
Chronological pattern –
you arrange your main points in a time sequence
Childhood 
Teenage years
Adulthood
[CLICK] In the chronological pattern, you arrange your main points in a time sequence—what occurs first, what occurs second, and so on. For example, if you are describing how to bake bread, you can explain the first step, then the second step, and so on. [CLICK] If you are describing a person’s life, you can discuss childhood, then the teenage years, and then adulthood.

6. Organizing Main Points
Topical pattern –
divide your central idea into components/categories
Empire State Building:
 History of the building
 Businesses in the building
 Tourists who visit
In the topical pattern, you divide your central idea into components or categories, using logic and common sense as your guides. [CLICK] For example, the monarchies in the world today can be divided into three types:
The first type: The king and queen have absolute, total power.
The second type: The king and queen have limited power.
And the third type: The king and queen just perform ceremonial duties—they have no real power.

7. Organizing Main Points
Spatial pattern -
organize items according to the way in which they relate to each other in physical space
top to bottom
left to right
north to south
inside to outside
In the spatial pattern, you organize items according to the way in which they relate to each other in physical space—top to bottom, left to right, north to south, inside to outside, and so on. A giant cactus could be described by progressing from bottom to top—or from top to bottom.

8. Organizing Main Points
Cause-effect pattern –
you are concerned with why something happens or happened — a cause-and-effect relationship
Cause 
Effect
Effect 
Cause
In some speeches, you are concerned with why something happens or happened—a cause-and-effect relationship. For example, some people refuse to ride in elevators because they have a strong fear of closed spaces. Their claustrophobia is the cause and their refusal to ride in elevators is the effect. In some speeches, you can explain the cause first, [CLICK] while in other speeches, you can discuss the effect first.

9. Organizing Main Points
Problem-solution pattern –
popular in persuasive speeches, divides a speech into two main sections: a problem and its solution
A pattern that is popular in persuasive speeches is the problem–solution pattern, which divides a speech into two main sections: a problem and its solution. In a speech on air pollution, [CLICK] the first half of the speech could explain the problem—harmful emissions from coal-burning plants. [CLICK] The second half could offer a solution—clean energy from wind turbines.

10. Which organizational pattern would be most effective for the following speech topics:
a. Why most fatal car accidents occur
b. Three types of working dogs
c. How to gift wrap a present
d. Stalking – and what can be done to stop it
e. The Amazon River

11. Supplying Transitions
Words, phrases, or sentences that show logical connections between ideas or thoughts are called transitions. They help the listeners stay with you as you move from one part of your speech to the next. Let’s look at some of the types of transitions.

12. Supplying Transitions
Bridges
In crossing a bridge, a person goes from one piece of land to another. In giving a speech, the speaker can build bridges to tell listeners of the terrain they are leaving behind and the terrain they are about to enter. It is a way of saying, “I’ve finished Thought A; now I’m going to Thought B.”

13. Supplying Transitions
Bridges
“Now that we have examined the problem, let’s turn our attention to the solution.”
Here is a sample of a bridge: “Now that we have examined the problem, let’s turn our attention to the solution.”

14. Supplying Transitions
Internal summaries
Brief review of material covered in part of a speech
A summary is important at the end of the speech, but sometimes a summary might be helpful before the end is reached. [CLICK] For example, at some point in the body of a speech, a summary of complicated information might help the audience to consolidate and digest the material before moving on to a new section.

15. Supplying Transitions
Signposts
Just as signposts on a road tell motorists their location, signposts in a speech tell listeners where they are or where they are headed. If you gave a speech on how to treat a cold, you could say, “Here are three things you should do the next time you catch a cold.” Then, as you proceed through the speech, you could say, “First, you should Second, you should Third, you should . . .” The signposts would help the audience know where they are in the speech.

16. Supplying Transitions
Spotlights
Spotlights are transitional devices that alert the listeners that something important will soon appear. For example, “Now we come to the most important thing I have to tell you.”

17. Ceremonial Speeches
Tribute to someone that has made an impact on your life
4-5 minute presentation
Outline (typed) is due day of speech
Speech Rehearsal Log for bonus points
Peer evaluations

18. Groups Determine a speech topic Establish the following:
General purpose
Specific purpose
Central idea
Three main points