1. The Rise of the Cities
Chapter 6
Section 2

2. Scientific Advances
Between 1800 and 1900, the population of Europe more than doubled
Advances in medicine slowed death rates and caused a population explosion
In the fight against disease, scientists speculated about germ theory
They believed that certain germs might cause specific diseases
In 1870, French chemist Louis Pasteur showed that this link is real

3. Video About Louis Pasteur and Germ Theory

4. Population Explosion

5. Population Explosion

6. Germs

7. More germs…

8. Louis Pasteur
Microbes (germs)

9. Bacteria and Viruses

10. Scientific Advances
Ten years later, German doctor Robert Koch identified the bacteria that causes tuberculosis, a deadly respiratory disease
As people began to understand how germs cause diseases, they practiced better hygiene
Better hygiene led to improvements in hospital care
Florence Nightingale introduced sanitary measures in hospitals
English surgeon Joseph Lister discovered how antiseptics prevent infection
Joseph Lister

11. Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacteria

12. Listerine is named after Joseph Lister

13. Video – The Really Bloody History of Surgery
Watch the following video The Really Bloody History of Surgery:
In the video, pay attention to the medical contributions of Joseph Lister

14. Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale introduced sanitary measures in hospitals.

15. Tuberculosis

16. Urban Changes
As industrialization progressed, city life underwent dramatic changes in Europe and the United States
The most extensive urban renewal took place in Paris in the 1850s
Wide boulevards, paved streets, and splendid public buildings replaced old streets full of poor, tenement housing
Architects used steel to build soaring buildings called skyscrapers
Electric streetlights illuminated the night, increasing safety

17. Urban Changes
Massive new sewage systems in London and Paris provided cleaner water and better sanitation, sharply cutting death rates from disease

18. The Poor Urban life remained difficult for the poor
In the worst tenements, whole families were often crammed into a single room
Slums remained a fact of city life
Still, millions of people were attracted to cities because of the promise of work, entertainment, and educational opportunities

19. Poor Conditions for Workers
Industrialization and urban improvements did not improve conditions for workers
Most experienced low wages, long hours, unsafe environments, and constant threat of unemployment
Workers protested these terrible conditions

20. Poor Conditions for Workers
Workers formed mutual-aid societies (self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers) and organized unions
Pressured by unions, reformers, and working-class voters, governments passed laws to regulate working conditions
Wages varied, but overall, the standard of living for most workers did rise

21. “Some Factories are Still Hiring…”

22. The Progress of Labor Unions…

23. …And now let’s get to the fun part—reducing wages!!!...”

24. The End

25. Powerpoint Questions (22 points)
1. By how much did the European population increase from 1800 to 1900?
2. What did advances in medicine do? (2 points)
3. What is germ theory? Explain.
4. What scientist made the connection between germs and disease?
5. Who was Robert Koch? What did he identify?
6. What did Florence Nightingale introduce?

26. Powerpoint Questions
7. What was Joseph Lister’s contribution to medicine?
8. Where did the most extensive urban renewal take place?
9. What replaced old streets full of tenement housing? (3 points)
10. New, high rise buildings were called _____.
11. What provided cleaner water and better sanitation in the cities?

27. Powerpoint Questions
12. Despite the miserable living and working conditions, why were people attracted to the cities? (3 points)
13. What were mutual aid societies?
14. Who pressured the government to pass laws to regulate working conditions? (3 points)
15. “The standard of living for workers did rise.”
a. True b. False