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Safety Concepts Review - Certification
The PADI Scuba Diver certification is a limited certification You need to be accompanied by a PADI professional-level diver You can dive to a maximum of 12 metres/40 feet Upgrade to a PADI Open Water Diver by completing the remaining course sections Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 1-1 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Effects of Increasing Pressure
Air spaces most affected by increased pressure – ears, sinuses and mask As water pressure increases with descent, volume decreases If you continue to descend you will feel a squeeze on your air spaces To avoid discomfort – equalize early and often Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 1-2 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Equalization Techniques
Equalize every metre/few feet while descending before you feel discomfort Pinch your nose and blow gently - wiggle your jaw If you have difficulty equalizing Ascend a few feet and attempt to equalize Be patient and gentle, or end the dive Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 1-3 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Effects of Decreasing Pressure
Expanding air can cause lung over expansion – lung rupture Lung over expansion can lead to severe injuries including paralysis and death To avoid this, permit the pressure to equalize - breathe normally Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 1-4 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Most Important Rule
The lungs can be injured by even minimal pressure changes if you hold your breath It’s important to always breathe continuously when using scuba - even in shallow water The most important rule in scuba diving is to “Breathe continuously and never, never hold your breath”. Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 1-5 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Tank Maintenance
Rinse your tank and valve with fresh water Store tanks out of the sun Don’t leave a tank standing unattended - secure it Secure your tank when it’s lying down Open tank valves slowly; close valves gently and avoid over-tightening Maintain your tank – it contains the air you breathe Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 1-6 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Compressed Air
Scuba tanks should only be filled with compressed air for breathing – never pure oxygen Tanks should only be filled to the rated pressure Overfilling can lead to metal fatigue and shorten the life of the tank Have your tank filled and serviced at – a reputable dive operation Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 1-7 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Submersible Pressure Gauge
The submersible pressure gauge (SPG) tells you how much air you have in your tank during a dive Use the SPG to plan and control your dive It is a piece of mandatory equipment - check your SPG frequently Return to Section Menu Next Section Previous Slide Section 1-8 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Heat Loss Underwater
Left unchecked, body heat loss can lead to hypothermia Hypothermia is a serious condition in which your body cools so much it can’t function normally To avoid hypothermia – wear a wet suit or dry suit suitable for the environmental conditions Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 2-1 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Uncontrollable Shivering
Continuous, uncontrollable shivering is your body’s warning signal that heat loss has reached a critical level When you begin to shiver continuously – get out of the water immediately, dry off and seek warmth Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 2-2 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Breathing Efficiency
The first air reaching your lungs is air left in dead air spaces from your previous breath With shallow breaths you re-breathe the air from dead air spaces With deeper breaths you draw in proportionately more fresh air For maximum breathing efficiency – breathe slowly and deeply underwater Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 2-3 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Overexertion
Know your limits and pace yourself to avoid breathlessness If you experience overexertion symptoms underwater - stop all activity, breathe deeply and rest Hold onto an object for support, if possible, and relax until your breathing returns to normal Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 2-4 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Airway Control
Proper airway control means to: Always inhale slowly and cautiously if water enters your regulator, snorkel, or mouth Use your tongue as a splash guard Always breathe slowly, deeply and continuously when using scuba Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 2-5 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Fragile Environment
Exposure protection doesn’t mean reef protection Minimize accidental damage by: Swim next to reef rather than above it Watch your buoyancy – don’t dive over weighted Turn sideways to look under ledges Keep your hoses secured Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 2-6 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Dry Suits
Diving with a dry suit requires some special instruction Add air during descents and release expanding air during ascents If you want to use a dry suit – take a dry suit orientation with your instructor during a confined water dive Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 2-7 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Exposure Suit Accessories
Select a hood that fits snugly - too tight can compress arteries in your neck Your brain perceives this as high blood pressure and responds by signaling your heart to slow down This can cause light-headedness – choose your hood based on comfort and fit Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 2-8 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Buddy System Procedures
All good buddies avoid problems by: Agreeing on entry, exit points and dive objective Agreeing upon time and depth limits Establishing and reviewing communications Discussing how to stay together – what to do if separated Discussing emergency procedures Return to Section Menu Next Section Previous Slide Section 2-9 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Local Wisdom
To dive in an area for the first time - get an orientation to the local area The PADI Discover Local Diving experience is one way to do this Find out: What’s interesting about the site What to watch for Unique dive skills or procedures Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 3-1 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Temperature
Water temperature often changes with depth – often getting colder as you descend Water tends to form distinct layers based on temperature To stay comfortable and avoid excessive heat loss - base your exposure protection on the water temperature at your planned depth Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 3-2 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review - Limited Visibility
In limited visibility - it’s more difficult to stay with your buddy and keep track of where you are Stay closer to your buddy, track your compass and note conspicuous features in these conditions Ascend and descend using a reference line or the bottom contours to remain oriented Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 3-3 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Clear Water
Diving in extremely clear water requires some caution - the bottom may appear closer than it really is Watch your depth gauge/computer and stay within your planned depth limit You can experience disorientation (vertigo) during descents and ascents without a reference Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 3-4 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Current
When there is a mild current at a dive site - begin your dive by slowly swimming into the current Avoid long surface swims against even a mild current If you end up with a current carrying you past your exit point - don’t try to swim against it Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 3-5 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Bottom Composition
Sometimes the bottom needs to watch out for you - delicate organisms can be damaged from a light touch Effective buoyancy control provides the easiest way to avoid contact Keep all your equipment secure – swim with your fins up to avoid stirring the sediment and reducing visibility Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 3-6 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Aquatic Animals
Avoid potential problems with aquatic life: Treat all animals with respect Be cautious in extremely murky water Avoid wearing shiny, dangly jewelry Remove any speared fish from the water immediately Wear gloves and an exposure suit Maintain neutral buoyancy – move slowly and carefully Avoid contact with unfamiliar animals Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 3-7 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Overhead Environments
Overhead environments can pose hazards Until you have the special training and equipment you need, do not enter overhead environments – it’s extremely hazardous Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 3-8 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Rough Surf
Avoid diving in large and rough surf You need specialized surf training before attempting to dive in surf of any size In surf training you learn: To judge conditions Correct techniques for entering and exiting through waves Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 3-9 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Dive The Plan
A dive plan: Is not complicated – it’s very simple Should be flexible Takes only minutes to discuss Can offer plenty of options depending on what you find underwater Plan your dive and dive your plan! Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Surface Problem Management
Control or prevent surface problems by: Diving within limitations Relaxing while you dive If you have a problem at the surface – immediately establish positive buoyancy by inflating the BCD or dropping weights Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Entanglement
Prevent entanglement by: Moving slowly and watching where you go Keeping your equipment secure Stop, breathe, think, and then work slowly and calmly to free yourself Get your buddy to help you Return to Section Menu Next Section Previous Slide Section Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Contaminated Air
If air tastes or smells bad – do not use it If you feel ill or get a headache during a dive – end the dive immediately Breathing exhaust fumes aboard a boat – can also result in contaminated air Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 4-1 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Oxygen
Oxygen may become toxic if breathed under pressure Tanks filled with pure oxygen can cause oxygen toxicity (poisoning) in shallow water Special training and equipment is required to dive with enriched air Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 4-2 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Nitrogen Narcosis
Impairs a diver’s judgment and coordination May cause a false sense of security May cause a disregard for safety May cause anxiousness and poor decisions Immediately ascend to shallower depths to relieve the narcosis Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 4-3 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Decompression Sickness
Bubbles blocking blood circulation (blood flow) in your body after a dive is a very serious medical condition called decompression sickness (DCS) Depth and dive time are the primary variables Use extra caution if any of the secondary factors apply to you Dive within the limits of dive tables and computers Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 4-4 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Within Limits
Based on mathematical decompression models – the RDP tracks the theoretical nitrogen you have in your body before, during and after diving Theoretical models cannot account for variations from one individual to the next It is prudent, therefore, to stay well within the limits a table or computer predicts Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 4-5 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation suppresses your urge to breathe Excessive hyperventilation – more than three or four breaths – can be dangerous You can lower your carbon dioxide levels so far that your body runs out of oxygen before you get the urge to breathe This would lead to sudden unconsciousness – without warning – and drowning Return to Section Menu Next Section Previous Slide Section 4-6 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Safety Stops
A safety stop provides extra time for your body to eliminate nitrogen – a good idea on any dive A safety stop is required if: The dive is 30 metres/100 feet or deeper Within three pressure groups of a no decompression limit You reach any limit on the RDP or your computer Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 5-1 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Emergency Decompression
If a no decompression limit is exceeded by: 5 minutes or less - ascend to 5 metres/15 feet and remain there for 8 minutes, do not dive for at least 6 hours More than 5 minutes – ascend to 5 metres/15 feet and remain there for no less than 15 minutes, do not dive for 24 hours Stay within safe dive limits Return to Section Menu Next Slide Previous Slide Section 5-2 Safety Concepts Review
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Safety Concepts Review – Flying After Diving
Flying after diving recommendations: Wait a minimum surface interval of 12 hours prior to ascent to altitude If you plan to make daily, multiple dives for several days or make dives requiring decompression stops, you should wait for an extended surface interval beyond 12 hours Return to Section Menu Previous Slide Section 5-3 Safety Concepts Review
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