1. Slide 1 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall biology

2. Slide 2 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 5-2 Limits to Growth

3. Slide 3 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Limiting Factors What factors limit population growth?

4. 5-2 Limits to Growth Slide 4 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

5. 5-2 Limits to Growth Slide 5 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Limiting Factors The primary productivity of an ecosystem can be reduced when there is an insufficient supply of a particular nutrient. Ecologists call such substances limiting nutrients. Namely: Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.

6. 5-2 Limits to Growth Slide 6 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Limiting Factors A limiting nutrient is an example of a more general ecological concept: a limiting factor. In the context of populations, a limiting factor is a factor that causes population growth to decrease. There are two categories of limiting factors: density-dependent density-independent

7. 5-2 Limits to Growth Slide 7 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Density-Dependent Factors A limiting factor that depends on population size is called a density-dependent limiting factor. The more dense a population is the greater the impact that factor will have on the size of the population.

8. 5-2 Limits to Growth Slide 8 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Density-Dependent Factors Density-dependent limiting factors include: competition predation parasitism disease

9. 5-2 Limits to Growth Slide 9 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Density-Dependent Factors Density-dependent factors operate only when the population density reaches a certain level. These factors operate most strongly when a population is large and dense. They do not affect small, scattered populations as greatly.

10. 5-2 Limits to Growth Slide 10 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Density-Dependent Factors Competition When populations become crowded, organisms compete for food, water, space, sunlight, and other essentials. Competition among members of the same species is a density-dependent limiting factor.

11. 5-2 Limits to Growth Slide 11 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Density-Dependent Factors Competition can also occur between members of different species. This type of competition can lead to evolutionary change. Over time, the species may evolve to occupy different niches.

12. 5-2 Limits to Growth Slide 12 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Density-Dependent Factors Predation Populations in nature are often controlled by predation. The regulation of a population by predation takes place within a predator-prey relationship, one of the best-known mechanisms of population control. Parasitism and Disease Parasites can limit the growth of a population. A parasite lives in or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it.

13. Slide 13 of 21 5-2 Limits to Growth Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Density-Dependent Factors Wolf and Moose Populations on Isle Royale Moose Wolves

14. 5-2 Limits to Growth Slide 14 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Density-Independent Factors Density-independent limiting factors affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size.

15. 5-2 Limits to Growth Slide 15 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Density-Independent Factors Examples of density-independent limiting factors include: unusual weather natural disasters seasonal cycles certain human activities—such as damming rivers and clear-cutting forests

16. - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 16 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 5-2

17. Slide 17 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 5-2 A limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways regardless of their size might be a.drought. b.disease. c.predation. d.crowding.

18. Slide 18 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 5-2 Which of the following would be a limiting factor affecting the panda population of China? a.programs that educate people about endangered species b.capture of some pandas for placement in zoos c.laws protecting habitat destruction d.a disease that kills bamboo plants

19. Slide 19 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 5-2 Density-dependent factors operate most strongly when a population is a.large and dense. b.large but sparse. c.small and sparse. d.small, but growing.

20. Slide 20 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 5-2 Within a limited area, if the population of a predator increases, the population of its prey is likely to a.increase. b.decrease. c.remain about the same. d.become extinct.

21. Slide 21 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 5-2 Which of the following is a density-independent factor affecting populations? a.predation b.disease c.a destructive hurricane d.parasites

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