1. Chapter 12
Services

2. What are services? Service: Space: Locating a service
Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it
Space:
Where services are located in space, creates a link between services and settlements
Rural villages to megalopolis
Why services are clustered???
Proximity to market
Optimal location for services is near customers
Locating a service
Uses more precise geographic skills than Industry
Tend to be specific places
“location, location, location”
Distribution must be where people live
Also driven by socio-economic factors

3. Where did Services Originate?
Services provided in all societies
In MDCs majority of workers engaged in the provision of services
North America 3/4th of workers in services
% in LDCs less than 1/4th
Services provide more than 2/3rd of the GDP in MDCs
Less than ½ in LDCs
Three types of services:
Consumer services
Business services
Public services

4. Types of Services Consumer Services Types: Definition:
purpose to provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay them
Nearly 44% of jobs in US are in consumer services
Types:
Retail and Wholesale Services
15% of jobs in US
Department stores, grocers, clothing
Education Services
10% of jobs in US
Health Services
12% of jobs
Health care, primarily hospitals, nursing homes
Leisure and Hospitality Services
10% of jobs
Restaurants and bars, lodging and entertainment

5. Business Services Definition: Types: Professional Services
Purpose is to facilitate other businesses
24% of all jobs in US
Types:
Financial services
6% of US jobs
Called “Fire” for financial, insurance, real estate
Financial = banks
Professional Services
12% of US jobs
Technical services: law, accounting, architecture, engineering, design, and consulting
Support Services: clerical, secretarial, custodial
Transportation and Information Services
Businesses that diffuse and distribute
6% of US jobs
Transportation
Mainly trucking
Can also include:
Publishing/ broadcasting
Utilities such as water and electricity

6. Public Services Definition:
Purpose is to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses
17% of jobs in US
Mainly Federal government, state, or local government

7. Changes in number of employees
Between 1972 and 2009
All growth in service sector
Decline in employment in primary and secondary jobs
Business Services
Expanded in professional services most rapidly
Engineering, management, law
Grew more slowly in finance and transportation services
Mainly due to improved efficiency
Consumer services
Rapid increase in health care
Including nursing homes and home-health care
Other large increases in Education, Entertainment, recreation
Public services
Declined over past two decades

8. Services in Contemporary Rural Settlements
Before establishment of Permanent settlements people lived as nomads
At some point, people decided to build permanent settlements
Were they established because of need to services?
Based on archeological studies settlements built first for consumer and public services
Later came business services

9. Early Consumer Services
Earliest permanent settlements may have been established to offer consumer services
Specifically burial of the dead
By 5,000 years ago many settlements existed
Settlements also may have been places to house families
People also needed tools, clothing, shelter, containers, fuel, and other material goods
Settlements became manufacturing centers
The variety of consumer services expanded as people began to specialize

10. Early Public Services
Public services probably followed religious activities into early permanent settlements
Everyone in settlement vulnerable to attack so some members became soldiers
Settlement likely was a good base from which the group could defend nearby food sources against competitors
Might build wall around settlement for extra protection
Settlements became citadels
Centers for military power

11. Early Business Services
Everyone in settlements needed food
Initially brought in through hunting and gathering
What about extra supply?
Led to storage
Settlements also became a place where people could trade goods and services
Eventually led to record keeping, currency system, and setting fair prices

12. Services in Early Urban Settlements
Services in Ancient Cities
Earliest Urban settlements
First documented ones in Mesopotamia
Ur, Uruk
Evidence suggests that cities were well-planned

13. Services in Early Urban Settlements
Ancient Rome
Rise of Roman Empire encouraged urban settlement
Settlements established as centers of administrative, military, and other public services
As well as retail and consumer services
Trade encourages through transportation
With fall of Rome, urban settlements declined
Trade diminished
Ancient Athens
First Mediterranean settlements established 2500 B.C.E.
Oldest include Knossos, Troy, and Mycenae
Trading centers for thousands of islands
Organized into city-states
Athens
Largest city-state
Provide consumer services and cultural activities

14. Services in Early Urban Settlements
Urban life revived in 11th century Europe
Feudal lords established new urban settlements
Feudalism
Rise of small towns to facilitate trade by 14th century
Large Medieval urban settlements served as power centers for lords and church leaders
Most important services in town square
Church, palaces

16. Key issue #2- Where are contemporary services located?
Services are clustered in settlements
Rural Settlements
Centers of agriculture
Provide small amount of services
Urban Settlements
Centers for consumer and business services

17. Services in Rural Settlements
A clustered rural settlement is a place where a number of families live in close proximity to each other
A dispersed rural settlement is characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors
Typical in North America

18. Clustered Rural Settlements
Typically includes homes, barns, tool sheds, and other farm structures
Includes consumer services such as religious structures, schools, and shops
May have a handful of business services
Often these settlements are called a hamlet or village

19. Circular Rural Settlements
Circular form consists of a central open space surrounded by structures
Example: kraal villages
Enclosures for livestock in center, surrounded by ring of houses
Example: German Gewanforf settlements
Consists of core of houses, barns, and churches, encircled by different types of agricultural activities
Von Thunen observed this in his agricultural studies

20. Linear Rural Settlements
Comprise of buildings clustered along a road, river or dike to facilitate communications
Fields extend behind the buildings in long, narrow strips
Can be seen today along St. Lawrence River in Quebec
French long-lot system
Houses erected along river
Narrow lots established perpendicular to river so that each settler had access to river

22. Colonial American Clustered Settlements
New England built clustered settlements centered on an open area called a common
Settlers grouped their homes and public buildings around common
In addition to houses, each settler had a home of 1 to 5 acres
Contained barn, garden, and enclosures for feeding livestock
Favored for several reasons:
Settlers typically traveled in groups
Colonists wanted to live close together
To protect from Indian attacks
Outsiders could only obtain land by permission of the town’s residents
Contemporary New England landscape contains remnants of the old clustered rural settlement patterns

23. Dispersed Rural Settlements
United States
Middle colonies settled by more heterogeneous groups than New England
Led to land being bought individually
Dispersed pattern spread to Mid-West and later New England
Worked better with larger populations
People less interested in religious and cultural values
Great Britain
Converted to improve agricultural production
Led to enclosure movement
Consolidated individual land into one large farm
Brought efficiency but destroyed village life
Coincided with Industrial Revolution
Outside of New England, dispersed rural settlements were more common in the American colonies
In New England and Great Britain, clustered rural settlements were converted to a dispersed pattern
Many disadvantages to clustered pattern
Farmers lost time moving between fields
Villagers had to build more roads to connect smaller lots
Farmers were restricted in what they could plant

24. Services in Urban Settlements
Population of urban settlements exceeded that of rural settlements for the 1st time in human history in 2008 % % % % %

25. Services in Urban Settlements
Differences between urban and rural settlements
Differences identified by Louis Wirth in 1900s
Defined cities by three characteristics
Wirth argued these characteristics produced differences in the social behavior of urban and rural residents
Large size
Rural – small
Urban- medium/ large
High density
Rural- low pop density
Urban- high pop density
Only way people can be supported is through specialization
Social heterogeneity
The larger the settlement the greater diversity of the people

26. Increasing # of people in cities
MDCs have a higher % of urban residents BUT LDCs have very large urban settlements
Eight of the ten most populous cities are in LDCs
Buenos Aires, Dehli, Dhaka, Calcutta, Mexico City, Mumbai, Sao Paolo and Shanghai
Fueled by people migrating from countryside for economic opportunities
Also connected to high natural increase rates
Process by which the population of urban settlements grows is called urbanization
Two dimensions
Increase in number of people living in cities
Increase in the % of people living in the cities
Distinction important because they occur for different reasons and have different global distributions
Large % of people living in cities reflects a country’s level of development