1. Normal Distribution Z-scores put to use!
Section 2.2
Reference Text:
The Practice of Statistics, Fourth Edition.
Starnes, Yates, Moore
Lesson 2.2.1

2. Today’s Objectives The 68-95-99.7 Rule
State mean an standard deviation for The Standard Normal Distribution
Given a raw score from a normal distribution, find the standardized “z-score”
Use the Table of Standard Normal Probabilities to find the area under a given section of the Standard Normal curve.

3. The Rule
How many standard deviations do you think it would take for us to have the entire sample or population accounted for and just have a .03% uncertainty?
In other words, how many standard deviations away from the mean encompasses almost all objects in the study?

4. The Rule 3!
The Rule describes the percent of observations fall within 1,2 or 3 standard deviations. Look at the visual:

5. The Rule
So,
Approximately 68% of the observations fall within of the mean µ
Approximately 95% of the observations fall within 2 of the mean µ
Approximately 99.7% of the observations fall within 3 of the mean µ

6. The Rule
If I have data within 2 standard deviations, then I'm accounting for 95% of observations
Question: what percent is in the left tail?

7. You Try!
The distribution of number of movies AP Statistic students watch in two weeks is close to normal. Suppose the distribution is exactly Normal with mean µ= 6.84 and standard deviation = 1.55 (this is non fiction data)
A) Sketch a normal density curve for this distribution of movies watched. Label the points that are one, two, and three SD away from the mean.
B) What percent of the movies is less that 3.74? Show your work!
C) What percent of scores are between 5.29 and 9.94? Show work!
Remember: Always put your answers back into context!

8. Break!
- 5 Minutes

9. Standardizing Observations
All normal distributions have fundamentally the same shape.
If we measure the x axis in units of size σ about a center of 0, then they are all exactly the same curve.
This is called the Standard Normal Curve
We abbreviate the normal dist. As N( µ, )
To standardize observations, we change from x values (the raw observations)  z values (the standardized observations) by the formula:

10. The Standard Normal Distribution
Notice that the z-score formula always subtracts μ from each observation.
So the mean is always shifted to zero
Also notice that the shifted values are divided by σ, the standard deviation.
So the units along the z-axis represent numbers of standard deviations
Thus the Standard Normal Distribution is always N(0,1).

11. Example! The heights of young women are: N(64.5, 2.5)
Use the formula to find the z-score of a woman 68 inches tall.
A woman’s standardized height is the number of standard deviations by which her height differs from the mean height of all young women.

12. Normal Distribution Calculations
What proportion of all young women are less than 68 inches tall?
Notice that this does not fall conveniently on one of the σ borders
We already found that 68 inches corresponds to a z-score of 1.4
So what proportion of all standardized observations fall to the left of z = 1.4?
Since the area under the Standard Normal Curve is always 1, we can ask instead, what is the area under the curve and to the left of z=1.4
For that, we need a table!!

13. The Standard Normal Table
Find Table A of the handout
It is also in your textbook in the very back
Z-scores (to the nearest tenth) are in the left column
The other 10 columns round z to the nearest hundredth
Find z = 1.4 in the table and read the area
You should find area to the left = .9192
So the proportion of observations less than z = 1.4 is about 92%
Now put the answer in context: “About 92% of all young women are 68 inches tall or less.”

14. What about area above a value?
Still using the N(64.5, 2.5) distribution, what proportion of young women have a height of 61.5 inches or taller?
Z = (61.5 – 64.5)/2.5 = -1.2
From Table A, area to the left of -1.2 =.1151
So area to the right = = .8849
So about 88.5% of young women are 61.5” tall or taller.

15. What about area between two values?
What proportion of young women are between 61.5” and 68” tall?
We already know 68” gives z = 1.4 and area to the left of .9192
We also know 61.5” gives z = -1.2 and area to the left of .1151
So just subtract: = .8041
So about 80% of young women are between 61.5” and 68” tall
Remember to write your answer IN CONTEXT!!!

16. Given a proportion, find the observation x
SAT Verbal scores are N(505, 110). How high must you score to be in the top 10%?
If you are in the top 10%, there must be 90% below you (to the left).
Find .90 (or close to it) in the body of Table A. What is the z-score?
You should have found z = 1.28
Now solve the z definition equation for x
So you need a score of at least 646 to be in the top 10%.

17. How to Solve Problems Involving Normal Distribution
State: Express the problem in terms of the observed variable x
Plan: draw a picture of the distribution and shade the area of interest under the curve.
Do: Preform the calculations
Standardize x to restate the problem in terms of standard normal variable z
Use Table A and the fact that the total area under the curve is 1 to find the required area under the standard normal curve
Conclude: Write your conclusion in context of the problem.
Lets look at TB pg 120 “Tiger on the Range”

18. Today’s Objectives The 68-95-99.7 Rule
State mean an standard deviation for The Standard Normal Distribution
Given a raw score from a normal distribution, find the standardized “z-score”
Use the Table of Standard Normal Probabilities to find the area under a given section of the Standard Normal curve.

19. Homework
TB Pg 131: (multiples of 3)