1. FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING RESEARCH Sixth Edition CHAPTER Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Hypotheses 8

2. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objectives 1.Determine The Purposes Of Hypotheses In Research Studies 2.Identify Sources Or Rationale For Study Hypotheses 3.Describe Classifications Of Hypotheses 4.Distinguish Between Simple And Complex Hypotheses

3. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objectives 5.Compare Null Hypotheses And Research Hypotheses 6.Differentiate Nondirectional And Directional Research Hypotheses 7.List The Criteria To Be Considered When Formulating A Hypothesis 8.Discuss The Format For Writing Hypotheses

4. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objectives 9.Recognize The Use Of Hypotheses In The Testing Of Theories 10.Determine The Types Of Studies For Which Hypotheses Are Not Needed 11.Critique Study Hypotheses And Research Questions In Research Reports

5. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective One Learning Objective One Determine The Purposes Of Hypotheses In Research Studies

6. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Purposes of Hypotheses Lend objectivity to investigations Test theoretical propositions Advance scientific knowledge Guide research design Dictate statistical analysis used Show researcher’s expectations

7. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Hypotheses and Nursing Research More important than ever Evidence-based practice Practices based on research studies

8. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Two Learning Objective Two Identify Sources Or Rationale For Study Hypotheses

9. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Sources or Rationale for Hypotheses Theories Personal experience Previous research studies

10. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Framework As a Source Theoretical or conceptual Most important source Propositional statement isolated, tested

11. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Previous Studies As a Source Test assumptions Test hypothesis based on findings

12. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Personal Experience As a Source Induction –Observation –Empirical generalization –Hypothesis Literature review

13. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Three Learning Objective Three Describe Classifications Of Hypotheses

14. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Types of Hypotheses Simple Complex

15. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Types of Hypotheses Research hypothesis Null hypothesis

16. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Research Hypotheses Directional Nondirectional

17. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Four Learning Objective Four Distinguish Between Simple And Complex Hypotheses

18. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Simple Hypothesis Bivariate Relationship between one independent and one dependent variable Independent variable: cause, first chronologically Dependent variable: effect

19. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Complex Hypothesis Multivariate Relationship between –Two or more independent variables –Two or more dependent variables –Both

20. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Which to Use? Divide complex hypothesis into two or more simple hypotheses –Avoid partial support crisis Use complex hypothesis –Interaction effect

21. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Five Learning Objective Five Compare Null Hypotheses And Research Hypotheses

22. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Null Hypothesis H0 Predicts no relationship between variables Statistically analyzed

23. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Research Hypothesis H1 Alternative, scientific, substantive, theoretical States expected relationship between variables Can be directional or nondirectional

24. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Preference for Research Hypothesis Clarify study’s framework Demonstrate researcher’s critical thinking Based on theoretical framework

25. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Statistical Analyses Evaluates the null hypothesis Significance level in nursing at or below.05

26. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Both Null and Research Hypothesis Researcher expects no correlations between variables. Researcher expects no difference between groups being compared.

27. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Six Learning Objective Six Differentiate Nondirectional And Directional Research Hypotheses

28. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Nondirectional Research Hypotheses Predicts relationship between variables Does not predict direction of relationship –Example: There Is a Relationship Between Serotonin Levels and SIDS.

29. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Directional Research Hypotheses Predicts the direction of the relationship –Example: People Who Smoke Are More Likely to Develop Lung Cancer Than Those Who Do Not.

30. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Advantages of Directions Research Hypotheses Researcher’s expectations clear More precise testing of theoretical propositions One-tailed statistical tests

31. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Reasons to Use Nondirectional Research Hypotheses No theory to base prediction on Previous research findings contradictory

32. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Seven Learning Objective Seven List The Criteria To Be Considered When Formulating A Hypothesis

33. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy A Hypothesis Should Be written in a declarative sentence Be written in the present tense Contain the population Contain the variables Reflect the problem statement, purpose statement, and research question Be empirically testable

34. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Eight Learning Objective Eight Discuss The Format For Writing Hypotheses

35. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Hypothesis Format A correlational statement A comparative statement Statistical analysis

36. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Predictive Terms Examples –Less –Greater –Decrease in –Negative correlation

37. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Nine Learning Objective Nine Recognize The Use Of Hypotheses In The Testing Of Theories

38. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Hypotheses in Testing Theories Test proposition, not entire theory Cannot be proved or disproved

39. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Null Hypotheses, Research Hypotheses, and Theories Null hypothesis rejected → research hypothesis supported Research hypothesis supported → theory supported Research hypothesis not supported → theory not supported

40. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Ten Learning Objective Ten Determine The Types Of Studies For Which Hypotheses Are Not Needed

41. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Need for Hypotheses Relationship between variables being studied

42. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy When Are Hypotheses Not Needed? Qualitative studies Single-variable descriptive studies Methodological studies

43. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Research Questions In place of hypotheses in some studies In addition to hypotheses related to other areas of interest concerning topic

44. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Eleven Learning Objective Eleven Critique Study Hypotheses And Research Questions In Research Reports

45. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Critiquing Hypotheses and Research Questions Does the study contain a hypothesis or hypotheses? Is each hypothesis clearly worded and concise? Is it written in a declarative sentence? Is each hypothesis directly tied to the study problem?

46. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Critiquing Hypotheses and Research Questions (cont’d) Is the study framework clearly defined with each hypothesis derived from it? Does each hypothesis contain the population and at least two variables? Is each hypothesis stated as a directional research hypothesis? If not, is a rationale given for the type employed?

47. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Critiquing Hypotheses and Research Questions (cont’d) Is it apparent that each hypothesis can be empirically tested? Does each hypothesis contain only one prediction?