1. Policy making in the USA
Chapters 8 and 9
Policy making in the USA

2. The architecture of American Politics
Presidential Democracy (as opposed to parliamentary democracy)
Separation of Powers supported by a sophisticated system of checks and balances.
Horizontally
Vertically
Judicial: Common law system

3. Architecture of the system (cont.)
Election system favors the development of 2 umbrella political parties instead of multiple parties representing different positions of the ideological spectrum

4. Qualities of the system
Decentralized but orderly providing a lot of space of hearing interest groups.
Biased towards stability which can actually turn into gridlock
Disconnection with politics – clientelism – lack of accountability towards voters
Tendency to favor narrow interests because of their ability to influence the process.

5. Policy making in the United States (chapter 9)
Policy-making systems “make” most public policy.
Networks of small, stable groups of people who control the operating decisions of specific government agencies of specific programs. They are called systems because they are predictable and involve a high level of interaction and feedback
The people:
Elected: President, Congressmen, Senators
Unelected: Lobbyists, professional staff, and full time bureaucrats

6. Limited capabilities Difficulties making big changes
Presidential Democracy -- decentralization
Final decisions emerge from compromise, the result of pulling and pushing framed by public and private interests.
Unintended consequences are the norm

7. How a bill becomes Law
Bills are introduced by members of the legislature but many of them are actually initially drafted by executive branch officials.
Subcommittee:
Decides whether to hold hearings on a bill that has been introduced.
Sends mark up bills to Committee
Committee:
Further discusses
Approves bill which goes then to chamber

8. How a bill becomes Law (cont)
Chambers
Rules committee includes in Congress agenda
Leadership informal discussions decides whether to include in Senates agenda.
Amendments (more or less germane); deal brokering; in the Senate maybe filibuster.

9. How a bill becomes Law (cont)
When approved Bill is passed to the other chamber. Alternatively both chambers can be discussing it simultaneously.
If the language of the bill differs largely leaders of the committees engage meet in conference to reconcile the language.
Bill is sent to the White House of action.
President signs within 10 days or it become law by default unless the session finishes before the 10 days.
President vetos the bill. The whole bill. Can only be overcome by a 2/3 majority vote in the chambers.

10. How a bill becomes Law (cont)
The bill goes back to the chambers for Authorization and Appropriation.
Most Bills are funded for 2 years
Some Bills (social security, food stamps are entitlement programs they must receive funding

11. Post-legislative process
A bureaucratic agency clarifies the law, making it workable by eliminating ambiguities and developing well-defined procedures for implementation.
This process involves hearings followed by a discussion in the agencies.
The result is the definition of its actual impact on business.
It is written mostly by not elected officials
There is space for more lobbying

12. Post-legislative process (cont.)
The law is published in the Federal Register
Many agencies rules are subject to constant review.
Agencies have enforcement duties.
They also have judicial ones. In fact parties who feel the bill just passed does not serve well their interest can use the regulars or administrative courts to challenge it.

13. Sen. & House Agri. Committees
Iron Triangle
American Dairy
Assoc.
Campaign contributions
Support for ADA policy agenda
Price support for dairy products
Interchange of personnel
Information
Support of Dep. budget
Sen. & House Agri. Committees
Dep. of Agriculture
Expert information, political support

14. Alternative paths Executive orders
Direct ballots voted in states (e.g. California, Massachusetts)

15. Criticism of the regulatory process
Undemocratic
Failing to respond to majority demand
Giving too much power to narrow interest groups
Criticism to the moral and capacity of the bureaucracy

16. Types of policies and politics
Perceived Policy Benefit
Narrow
Wide
Perceived policy cost
Concentrated
Interest group politics: CAFE standards
Entrepreneurial politics (championed by an entrepreneur such as Ralph Nader or Ross Perot)
Disperse
Client politics: Restrictions on imports of, e.g. Canadian lumber.
Majoritarian politics (Health Care or Social Security)