1. 2.2 The Classification of Matter

2. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Materials
Elements
Compounds
Mixtures

3. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Materials
Material
Substance Mixture

4. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Materials
Material
Operational Definition
Conceptual Definition
substance
all samples have the same proportions of components
- a material with only one set of properties
a material with atoms that are chemically combined in a fixed ratio
a material which in the solid phase has only one pattern and/or grouping of atoms throughout
mixture
a material with components that retain their own individual identities and can thus be separated
the same components may be mixed in different proportions
a material composed of more than one substance
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5. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Materials
Material
Substance Mixture
Element Compound

6. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Materials
Material
Operational Definition
Conceptual Definition
element
a substance that cannot be decomposed
a substance composed of only one type of atom
compound
a substance that can be decomposed
a substance composed of more than one type of atom
text page 74

7. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Elements
Material
Substance Mixture
Element Compound

8. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Elements
Element
Metal Metalloid Non-metal

9. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Elements
NON-METALS 1 H 2 He 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn
METALS
METALLOIDS

10. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Elements
Metals Good conductors of heat & electricity Malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets) Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
Lustrous
Non-Metals Poor conductors of heat & electricity
Many are gases at room temperature
In the solid phase their crystals are brittle
Metalloids Some metallic properties (although weakly)
(Semi-metals) Some non-metallic properties
text pages 75-76

11. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Compounds
Material
Substance Mixture
Element Compound

12. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Compounds
Compound
Organic Inorganic

13. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Compounds
Organic Contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms May contain other types of atoms as well
Inorganic Do not contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms.
text page 76

14. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Compounds
Compounds may be further classified as molecular or ionic, binary or non-binary, and by their family.
Molecular A molecule is a neutral group of covalently bonded atoms.
Compounds consisting of molecules are called molecular
compounds.
Ionic An ion is a charged atom or group of atoms Ionic compounds consist of positively and negatively charged ions held together by their opposite electric charges.
text pages 76-77

15. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Compounds
Compounds may be further classified as molecular or ionic, binary or non-binary, and by their family.
Binary A binary compound is composed of only two elements.
Non-binary A non-binary compound is composed of more than two elements.
text page 76

16. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Compounds
Compounds may be further classified as molecular or ionic, binary or non-binary, and by their family.
There are many families of inorganic and organic compounds including acids, bases, and salts. Other families of organic compounds such as aldehydes, esters, ethers, carbohydrates, etc. will be covered in chapter 8.

17. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Compounds
Compounds may be further classified as molecular or ionic, binary or non-binary, and by their family.
Acid Appears to be a compound having one or more H+ ions bonded to an anion. In reality, acids are a special type of molecule that can be induced to form these ions.
Base The most common type of base is a hydroxide.
Salt Any ionic compound other than a hydroxide
text page 78

18. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Mixtures
Material
Substance Mixture
Element Compound

19. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Mixtures
Mixture
Homogeneous Heterogeneous

20. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Mixtures
Material
Operational Definition
Conceptual Definition
Homogeneous
mixture
a mixture that appears the same throughout
the individual particles are smaller than 1 μm
Heterogeneous
a mixture that doesn’t appear the same throughout
At least some particles are larger than 1 μm
text page 78

21. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Mixtures
Mixture
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Solution Colloid

22. 2.2 The Classification of Matter
Mixtures
Material
Operational Definition
Conceptual Definition
Solution
does not exhibit the Tyndall Effect and cannot be separated by centrifugation
All particles are smaller than 1 nm.
Colloid
does exhibit the Tyndall Effect and can be separated by centrifugation
Particles comprising the medium are smaller than 1 nm but the dispersed particles are between 1 nm and 1 μm in size.
text pages 79-81