1. My Internship Experience with the National Institute of Health Summer 2014 Sidik Abdul-Mumuni USF-MPH Candidate

2. Introduction NIH at Rockville, MD  The National Institutes of Health (NIH), a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services  NIH consist of 27 Institutes and Centers  The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is one of the 27 institutes of the NIH  The Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (DAIDS)  The Office for Policy in Clinical Research Operations (OPCRO) is under the DAIDS

3. Where did I work: OPCRO OPCRO mission is to manage and support the DAIDS clinical research and helps ensure compliance with applicable regulations, standards, and good clinical practice guidelines; study participant safety and welfare; and study quality and integrity. Source: NIAID, NIH

4. What did I do?  Review protocols and make sure  research is done ethically  help in the development of clinical trial agreements

5. Project Work: PMTCT of HIV in sub- Saharan Africa-Introduction So what is HIV mother-to-child transmission?  The transmission of HIV infection from an HIV- positive mother to her child during labor, pregnancy, breastfeeding or delivery is termed as mother-to-child HIV transmission. Source: WHO, 2013 report on HIV

6. Project Work: PMTCT of HIV in sub- Saharan Africa Summary statistics of the problem  of the ten countries worldwide in 2010 with the greatest numbers of HIV positive women, the top nine are all in sub-Saharan Africa  an estimated 260,000 children became infected with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa in 2012. Source: Aizire et al. 2013, WHO report on PMTCT strategic vision, 2010

7. WHO recommendations World Health Organization (WHO) 2013 guidelines recommends that all countries follow option B+ and in countries where this is not feasible, Option B should be adopted in the absence on B+ for the prevention of HIV mother-to-child transmission.  Option B+ has already been adopted successfully in some African countries such as Malawi and Rwanda.

8. National Institute of Health approach to this recommendation MTCT of HIV is preventable (Boateng et al., 2013) and National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Disease (NIAID) within the NIH is in support of the WHO recommendation of Option B+ for the PMTCT.

9. Success of the program According to the UNAIDS 2012 Regional Fact Sheet report, between 2009 and 2011, the number of children newly infected with HIV fell in sub-Saharan Africa by 24%.

10. Recommendation for the PMTCT in sub-Saharan Africa  Resources should be channeled towards education and also  Provide comprehensive primary prevention and family planning services among women and men of reproductive age

11. Conclusion The fight against mother to child transmission of HIV is yet to be won. From the studies it is clear that some countries in Africa are still far behind with the battle. However, it is imperative to affirm the efforts achieved to date.

12. References  Aizire, J. et al (2013) ' Operational issues and barriers to implementation of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa' Current HIV Research 11(2):144-159  Boateng, D., Kwapong, G., & Agyei-Baffour, P. (2013). Knowledge, perception about antiretroviral therapy (art) and prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (pmtct) and adherence to art among hiv positive women in the ashanti region, ghana: A cross-sectional study. BMC Women's Health, 13(1), 2.  OPCRP/NIAID/NIH/HHSA  The Joint United Nations Program on HIV and AIDS. (2012). Regional fact sheet: sub-Saharan Africa. Retrieved from: http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/gr2012/2012_FS_regional_ssa_en. pdf http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/gr2012/2012_FS_regional_ssa_en. pdf  World Health Organization. (2010). PMTCT strategic vision 2010–2015: preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV to reach the UNGASS and Millennium Development Goals. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/mtct/strategic_vision.pdf http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/mtct/strategic_vision.pdf