1. Education Chapter 10 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performances or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 2 Education Education refers to efforts to teach each new generation (usually by more mature members) Education refers to efforts to teach each new generation (usually by more mature members) Beliefs, way of life, values Beliefs, way of life, values Some knowledge and skills of the group Some knowledge and skills of the group

3. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 3 Schools as Agencies of Social Control Education: society’s way of transmitting information about the ways of life of group Education: society’s way of transmitting information about the ways of life of group Complex societies rely on formal education (schools) to transmit and develop cultural heritage Complex societies rely on formal education (schools) to transmit and develop cultural heritage In U.S., over $800 billion spent annually on education In U.S., over $800 billion spent annually on education Reaches 75 million students Reaches 75 million students

4. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 4 Education and Democracy U.S. education system focuses on teaching individuality AND individual and academic freedom U.S. education system focuses on teaching individuality AND individual and academic freedom Instills democratic cultural values Instills democratic cultural values Literacy for all Literacy for all Respect for all backgrounds Respect for all backgrounds Public support for education Public support for education Nurture and use all human resources Nurture and use all human resources

5. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 5 Development of Education in the United States 17 th century: colonists support education 17 th century: colonists support education Sometimes “common citizens” excluded Sometimes “common citizens” excluded 19th century: wave of democratization 19th century: wave of democratization Public elementary education established Public elementary education established Public high schools increase after Civil War Public high schools increase after Civil War 20th century: higher education expands 20th century: higher education expands College enrollment continues to grow College enrollment continues to grow

6. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 6 School Enrollment, 1970-2008

7. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7 U.S. School System Democratic Democratic Unitary school system Unitary school system Most children receive similar education Most children receive similar education Initially, an 8-4-4 structure Initially, an 8-4-4 structure Junior high, middle school concept added Junior high, middle school concept added Most communities now 5-3-4-4 structure Most communities now 5-3-4-4 structure Kindergarten, preschool, Head Start recent additions Kindergarten, preschool, Head Start recent additions Community colleges still expanding Community colleges still expanding

8. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 8 Public School System Challenges Changing technology Changing technology Private/charter schools Private/charter schools Home schooling Home schooling Inequality in funding Inequality in funding Textbook inadequacies Textbook inadequacies Dropouts: may lead to unemployment, crime Multiculturalism Decline in effectiveness for all No Child Left Behind Act requirements

9. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 9 Evolution of the College Curriculum Post Civil War: Post Civil War: Students increase, diversified interests Students increase, diversified interests Developments in science, technology Developments in science, technology Scientific, technical, and vocational training increase at college level in response Scientific, technical, and vocational training increase at college level in response Elective system develops Elective system develops Elective system shortcomings lead to major requirement Elective system shortcomings lead to major requirement Also established liberal education guidelines Also established liberal education guidelines

10. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 10 Evolution of the College Curriculum (continued) 1930s: survey courses, core curriculums 1930s: survey courses, core curriculums General education (old liberal education) General education (old liberal education) 1960s: emphasis on social issues 1960s: emphasis on social issues 1970s: increase in business, professions (career paths to earn money) 1970s: increase in business, professions (career paths to earn money) Back to basics and broad liberal education Back to basics and broad liberal education

11. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 11 Is U.S. Educational System Equal? Overall, provides opportunities for most Overall, provides opportunities for most Funding disparity Funding disparity Variations in taxable wealth lead to school funding inequities Variations in taxable wealth lead to school funding inequities Income status, education closely linked Income status, education closely linked In 1970s, Supreme Court directs states to explore alternative financing (away from local income tax funding) In 1970s, Supreme Court directs states to explore alternative financing (away from local income tax funding) Still not equal in all communities Still not equal in all communities

12. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 12 How Much Education is Enough?

13. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 13 Current U.S. Education System High school level education worthwhile for most Many believe most students should receive some college education Increase in need for vocational training Need to upgrade respect, pay for unskilled jobs