1. Network Analysis and Synthesis
Chapter 4
Synthesis of deriving point functions (one port networks)

2. Elementary Synthesis procedures
The basic philosophy behind the synthesis of driving-point functions is to break up a positive real (p.r.) function Z(s) into a sum of simpler p.r. functions Z1(s), Z2(s) Zn(s).
Then to synthesize these individual Zi(s) as elements of the overall network whose dp impedance is

3. Breaking up process
One important restriction is that all Zi(s) must be positive real.
If we were given all the Zi(s), we could synthesize a network whose driving point impendance is Z(s) by simply connecting the Zi(s) in series.
However, if we were to start from Z(s) alone, how do we decompose Z(s) into Zi(s)?

4. Removing a pole at s=0 If there is a pole at s=0, we can write Q(s) as
Hence, Z(s) becomes
Z1(s) is a capacitor.
We know Z1(s) is positive real, is Z2(s) positive real?

5. Is Z2(s) positive real?
The poles of Z2(s) are also poles of Z1(s), hence, Z2(s) doesn’t’ have poles on the right hand side of the s plane and no multiple poles on the jw axis.
Satisfies the first 2 properties of p.r. functions.
What about Re(Z2(jw))?
Since Z(s) is p.r. Re(Z2(jw))=Re(Z(jw))>0.
Hence, Z2(s) is p.r.

6. Removing a pole at s=∞ If Z(s) has a pole at s=∞, we can write Z(s) as
Using a similar argument as previous we can show that Z2(s) is p.r.
Z1(s) is an inductor.

7. Removing complex conjugate poles on the jw axis.
If Z(s) has complex conjugate poles on the jw axis, Z(s) can be expanded into
Note that
Hence,
Z2(s) is p.r.

8. Removing a constant K
If Re(Z(jw)) is minimum at some point wi and if Re(Z(jw)) = Ki as shown in the figure
We can remove that Ki as
Z2(s) is p.r.
This is essentially removing
a resistor.

9. Constructing
Assume that using one of the removal processes discussed we expanded Z(s) into Z1(s) and Z2(s).
We connect Z1(s) and Z2(s) in series as shown on the figure.

10. Example 1 Synthesize the following p.r. function Solution:
Note that we have a pole at s=0. Lets remove it
Note that 2/s is a capacitor, while s/(s+3) is a parallel connection of a resistor and an inductor.

11. 2/s is a capacitor with C=1/2.
While s/(s+3) is a R=1 connected in parallel with an inductor L=1/3.

12. Example 2 Synthesis the following p.r. function Solution
Note that there are no poles on s=0 or s=∞ or jw axis.
Lets find the minimum of Re(Y(jw))

13. Note that minimum of Re(Y(jw))=1/2.
Lets remove it
½ is a conductance in parallel with Y2(s)=
Note that Y2(s) is a conductance 1/3 in series with an inductor 3/2.

14. Exercise
Synthesize the following p.r. function.

15. Synthesis of one port networks with two kinds of elements
In this section we will focus on the synthesis of networks with only L-C, R-C or R-L elements.
The deriving point impedance/admittance of these kinds of networks have special properties that makes them easy to synthesize.

16. 1. L-C imittance functions
These networks have only inductors and capacitors.
Hence, the average power consumed in these kind of networks is zero. (Because an inductor and a capacitor don’t dissipate energy.)
If we have an L-C deriving point impedance Z(s)
M1 and M2 even parts
N1 and N2 odd parts

17. The average power dissipated by the network is

18. Properties of L-C function
The driving point impedance/admittance of an L-C network is even/odd or odd/even.
Both are Hurwitz, hence only simple imaginary zeros and poles on the jw axis.
Poles and zeros interlace on the jw axis.
Highest power of the numerator and denominator may only differ by 1.
Either a zero or a pole at origin or infinity.

19. Synthesis of L-C networks
There are two kinds of network realization types for two element only networks.
Foster and
Cauer

20. Foster synthesis
Uses decomposition of the given F(s) into simpler two element impedances/admittances.
For an L-C network with system function F(s), it can be written as
This is because F(s) has poles on the jw axis only.

21. Using the above decomposition, we can realize F(s) as
For a driving point impedance
For a driving point admittance

22. Example Synthesize as driving point impedance and admittance.
Solution:
Decompose F(s) into simpler forms

23. For driving point impedance
For driving point admittance

24. Cauer synthesis Uses partial fraction expansion method.
It is based on removing pole at s=∞.
Since the degree of the numerator and denominator differ by only 1, there is either a pole at s=∞ or a zero at s=∞.
If a pole at s=∞, then we remove it.
If a zero at s=∞, first we inverse it and remove the pole at s=∞.

25. Case 1: pole at s=∞
In this case, F(s) can be written as

26. This expansion can easily be realized as

27. Case 2: zero at s=∞ In this case will have a pole at s=∞.
We synthesize G(s) using the procedure in the previous step.
Remember that if F(s) is an impedance function, G(s) will be an admittance function and vice versa.

28. Example Using Cauer realization synthesize Solution:
This is an impedance function.
We have a pole at s=∞, hence, we should remove it.

30. If we were given Y(s) instead our realization would be

31. R-C driving point impedance/ R-L admittance
R-C impedance and R-L admittance driving point functions have the same properties.
By replacing the inductor in LC by a resistor an R-C driving point impedance or R-L driving point admittance, it can be written as
Where

32. Properties of R-C impedance or R-L admittance functions
Poles and zeros lie on the negative real axis.
The singularity nearest origin must be a pole and a zero near infinity.
The residues of the poles must be positive and real.
Poles and zeros must alternate on the negative real axis.

33. Synthesis of R-C impedance or R-L admittance
Foster
In foster realization we decompose the function into simple imittances according to the poles. That is we write F(s) as
For R-C impedance

34. For R-L admittance

35. Example
Synthesize as R-C impedance and R-L admittance in foster realization.
Solution:
Note that the singularity near origin is a pole and a zero near infinity.
The poles and zeros alternate
We can expand F(s) as
R-C impedance

36. R-L admittance

37. Cauer realization Cauer realization uses continued fraction expansion.
For R-C impedance and R-L admittance we remove a resistor first.
Then invert and remove a capacitor
Then invert and remove a resistor . . .

38. Example
Synthesize using Cauer realization as R-C impedance and R-L admittance.
Solution:
Note that the singularity near origin is a pole.
The singularity near infinity is a zero.
The zeros and the poles alternate.
Note that the power of the numerator and denominator is equal, hence, we remove the resistor first.
F(s) is R-L impedance or R-C admittance

40. For R-L admittance
For R-C impedance

41. R-L impedance/R-C admittance
R-L impedance deriving point function and R-C admittance deriving point function have the same property.
If F(s) is R-L impedance or R-C admittance, it can be written as

42. Properties of R-L impedance/R-C admittance
Poles and zeros are located on the negative real axis and they alternate.
The nearest singularity near origin is zero. The singularity near infinity is a pole.
The residues of the poles must be real and negative.
Because the residues are negative, we can’t use standard decomposition method to synthesize.

43. Synthesis of R-L impedance and R-C admittance
Foster
If F(s) is R-L impedance d.p or R-C admittance d.p function. We can write it as
Because of the third property of R-L impedance/R-C admittance d.p. functions, we can’t decompose F(s) into synthesizable components with the way we were using till now.
We have to find a new way where the residues wont be negative.

44. If we divide F(s) by s, we get
Note that this is a standard R-C impedance d.p. function, hence, the residues of the poles of F(s)/s will be positive.
Once we find Ki and σi we multiply by s and draw the foster realization.

45. Example
Synthesize as R-L impedance and R-C admittance using Foster realization.
Solution:
Note that the singularity near origin is a zero.
The singularity near infinity is a pole.
The zeros and the poles alternate.
F(s) is R-L impedance or R-C admittance

46. We divide F(s) by s.

47. R-L impedance
R-C admittance

48. Cauer realization Using continued fractional expansion
We first remove R0. To do this we use fractional expansion method by focusing on removing the lowest s term first.
We write N(s) and M(s) starting with the lowest term first.

49. Example
Synthesize as R-L impedance and R-C admittance using Cauer realization.
Solution:
We write P(s) and M(s) as

51. R-L impedance
R-C admittance