1. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition
Chapter 2
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

2. Investigating System Requirements
Chapter 2
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World 6th Ed
Satzinger, Jackson & Burd

3. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition
Chapter 2 Outline
Systems Analysis Activities
What Are Requirements?
Models and Modeling
Stakeholders
Information-Gathering Techniques
Documenting Workflows with Activity Diagrams
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

4. This Chapter Focuses on Systems Analysis Activities
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

5. Systems Analysis Activities
Gather Detailed Information
Interviews, questionnaires, documents, observing business processes, researching vendors, comments and suggestions
Define Requirements
Modeling functional requirements and non-functional requirements
Prioritize Requirements
Essential, important, vs. nice to have
Develop User-Interface Dialogs
Flow of interaction between user and system
Evaluate Requirements with Users
User involvement, feedback, adapt to changes
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

6. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition
What Are Requirements?
Defined (Webster’s third dictionary)
requirement   n  -S   : something required:
a  : something that is wanted or needed: NECESSITY
b  : something called for or demanded : a requisite or essential condition : a required quality, course, or kind of training
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

7. Different Types of Requirements
System Requirements
Functional requirements
Non-functional requirements
Functional Requirements– the activities the system must perform
Business uses, functions the users carry out
Use cases in Chapter 1
Non-Functional Requirements– other system characteristics
Constraints and performance goals
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

8. FURPS+ Requirements Acronym
Functional requirements
Usability requirements
Reliability requirements
Performance requirements
Security requirements
+ even more categories…
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

9. FURPS+ Requirements Acronym
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

10. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition
Models and Modeling
How do we define requirements? After collecting information, create models
Model– a representation of some aspect of the system being built
Types of Models
Textual model– something written down, described
Graphical models– diagram, schematic
Mathematical models– formulas, statistics, algorithms
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Standard graphical modeling symbols/terminology used for information systems
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

11. Some Analysis and Design Models
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

12. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition
Reasons for Modeling
Learning from the modeling process
Reducing complexity by abstraction
Remembering all the details
Communicating with other development team members
Communicating with a variety of users and stakeholders
Documenting what was done for future maintenance/enhancement
Finding/correcting areas where errors/inefficiencies occur
Modelling is not a linear process!
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

13. Stakeholders Who do you involve and talk to?
Stakeholders– persons who have an interest in the successful implementation of the system
Internal Stakeholders– persons within the organization
External stakeholders – persons outside the organization
Operational stakeholders – persons who regularly interact with the system
Executive stakeholders– persons who don’t directly interact, but use the information or have financial interest
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

14. Stakeholders of a comprehensive accounting system for public company
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

15. RMO Internal Stakeholders
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

16. Information Gathering Techniques
Interviewing users and other stakeholders
Distributing and collecting questionnaires
Reviewing inputs, outputs, and documentation
Observing and documenting business procedures
Researching vendor solutions
Collecting active user comments and suggestions
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

17. Interviewing Users and Other Stakeholders
Prepare detailed questions
Meet with individuals or groups of users
Obtain and discuss answers to the questions
Document the answers
Follow up as needed in future meetings or interviews
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

18. Themes for Information Gathering Questions
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

19. Preparing for Interview
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

20. Other Considerations for Interviews
Target certain people
“super users”
Make sure that all questions are relevant
Time is money
This is a good chance to get buy-in from the user!
Focus groups may be appropriate
Anonymity may also be appropriate
Location?
Compensation?
After every interview, review and change the agenda as needed
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

21. Interview Session Agenda
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

22. Keeping an Open Items List
Used if a question requires follow-up (ie it cannot be answered by an interviewee in an interview)
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

23. Distribute and Collect Questionnaires
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

24. Review Inputs, Outputs, and Procedures
* Blank ones or filled out ones?
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

25. Additional Techniques
Observe and Document Business Processes
Watch and learn
Document with Activity diagram (next section)
Research Vendor Solutions
See what others have done for similar situations
White papers, vendor literature, competitors
“best practices” or “common practice”
Collect Active User Comments and Suggestions
Feedback on models and tests
Users know it when the see it
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

26. Documenting Workflows with Activity Diagrams
sequence of processing steps that completely handles one business transaction or customer request
Activity Diagram
describes user (or system) activities, the person who does each activity, and the sequential flow of these activities
Useful for showing a graphical model of a workflow
A UML diagram
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

27. Activity Diagram for RMO Order Fulfillment
Can be “as-is” as well as “to-be”
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

28. Activity Diagrams Symbols
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

29. Activity Diagram with Concurrent Paths
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

30. Questions/Discussion
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition