1. The Cell and its Organelles
Use this presentation in conjunction with the Cell Organelle note-taking worksheet. Run through the entire presentation before using it in class so that you know what’s coming next! It helps to print the outline and notes to have with you while presenting so that there are no surprises. –JessB.org

2. Scientists of Cells Hooke  viewed cork; coined the term “cells”
van Leeuwenhoek  first to view cells under the microscope
Schleiden  plants made of cells
Schwann  animals made of cells
Virchow  new cells only come from division of other cells
ALL THESE SCIENTISTS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CELL THEORY!

3. Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
New cells are produced from existing cells

4. Cell Categories Prokaryotes Eukaryotes (YOU!)
no membrane bound organelles
genetic material not in the nucleus
Cell membrane
Small
Eukaryotes (YOU!)
Have organelles
Genetic material contained in nucleus
Large

5. Categories of cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Bacteria animal cells
plant cells
Eukaryotes

6. Cells and The Work of Life
gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out
take in & digest food
make energy
ATP
build molecules
proteins, carbs, fats, nucleic acids
remove wastes
control internal conditions
respond to external environment
What are they responding to?
build more cells
growth, repair, reproduction & development
ATP

7. Cell Organelles Carry out specialized functions within the cell
Lots of different ones found in eukaryotic cells
Cytoplasm is a thick, liquid residing between the cell membrane holding all living material inside the cell
doesn't contain the nucleus.
You may or may not wish to distinguish between cytosol and cytoplasm. The correct use of each term is shown here. Most high school textbooks, however, use the word “cytoplasm” to mean “cytosol.”

8. Cytoskeleton Acts as skeleton and muscle Provides shape and structure
Helps the cell with movement
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Actin, also found in muscle cells, mainly help maintain cell shape in their cytoskeletal role. Microtubules mostly move organelles around the cell. Intermediate filaments also provide structural support.

9. Cell Wall Found in plant and bacterial cells
Rigid, protective and supportive barrier
Located outside of the cell membrane
Porous
Made from fibers of carbs and proteins
Plant Cell Walls are made from Cellulose
Plasmodesmata: holes or channels in the cell wall that allow for transport/communication
This is an actual microscopic image. Explain that the colors are added digitally to enhance the different parts.

10. 1st MAJOR FUNCTION: CELLS NEED TO MAKE ENERGY!
To fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…
take in food & digest it
take in oxygen (O2)
make ATP (energy)
remove waste
Organelles that do this work…
cell membrane
vacuoles
lysosomes
mitochondria
ATP

11. Cell Membrane Boundary of the cell Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Emphasize word parts here:
phospho= phosphate head; lipid= fatty acid tail
bi= 2

12. Cell membrane (ctd.) separates cell from outside environment
phosphate “head”
Function
separates cell from outside environment
controls what enters or leaves cell
O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste
recognizes signals from other cells
allows communication between cells
Structure
Double layer of fat
phospholipid bilayer
Protein molecules (50%)
Receptor proteins
Structural proteins
Protein channels
carb chains
ID cards
lipid “tail”

13. Lysosomes Garbage disposal of the cell  THEY GET RID OF THE CELL JUNK
Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes and food
Food needs to be broken down into useable forms
Breakdown organelles that aren’t functioning properly
Students should recognize the shapes of the Golgi and ER even if they cannot read the captions.

14. Vacuoles Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc.
The image is 2D, so it must have been a light microscope or TEM. If the cell is very tiny, then a TEM was used. Otherwise, a strong light microscope could have captured this image.

15. plant cells animal cells Food & water storage food vacuole
central vacuole
contractile vacuole

16. Mitochondria Nickname: “Powerhouse of the cell”
Function: Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are usable by the cell
Cellular respiration occurs here
Bound by a double membrane
Has its own DNA, ribosomes, and can make its own protein!
Explain that this diagram shows the mitochondria cut open to reveal the internal membranes.

17. Mitochondria are in both cells!!
animal cells
plant cells
mitochondria

18. Chloroplast Found only in plant cells
Contains the green pigment chlorophyll
Site of food (glucose) production
Bound by a double membrane
Chloroplasts absorb light, which is the catalyst for photosynthesis.

19. Second important function cells need to make proteins!
Making proteins
to run daily life & growth, the cell must…
read genes (DNA)
build proteins
structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)
enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)
signals (hormones) & receptors
organelles that do this work
nucleus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus

20. Nucleus Function: Control center of the cell
Contains DNA
Contains instructions for making protein
Surrounded by a double membrane
Usually only one per cell
Cells with more than one nucleus include muscle cells and liver cells, largely because of the massive volume of cytoplasm and number of organelles that need controlling.

21. Ribosome Small particles of RNA and protein
Function: Site of protein synthesis
Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytoplasm
Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids. In this diagram, you can see the ribosome is making a polypeptide, also known as a protein.

22. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nickname: “ER”
Connected to nuclear membrane
“Highway of the cell”
Rough ER: studded with ribosomes; it makes proteins
Smooth ER: no ribosomes; functions in detoxification; it makes lipids!
It’s not necessary that the students can read the labels here; just point out the black dots are ribosomes.

23. Golgi Apparatus Function: Stores, modifies and packages proteins
Nickname: Post office of the cell
Molecules transported to and from the Golgi by means of vesicles
AKA Golgi Complex. It is not necessary that the students read the labels, this diagram gives them a general idea of the Golgi’s shape.

24. THIRD IMPORTANT JOB! Cells need to make more cells!
To replace, repair & grow, the cell must…
copy their DNA
make extra organelles
divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells
Organelles that do this work
Nucleus
Microtubules
Centrioles

25. Microtubules Made up of proteins known as tubulins
Important in cell division
mitotic spindle  separates chromosomes

26. Centriole Help coordinate cell division Found only in animal cells
One pair in each cell
Made of microtubules
Microtubules are also part of the cytoskeleton.