1. Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, base)
Warm-up: 5 minutes
1) Give the complementary DNA sequence for: A T G C C C T A T A A G
2) What is DNA made up of?
3) Think back to our unit on MACROMOLECULES….what is the building block of a protein?
T A C G G G A T A T T C
Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, base)
Amino Acids

2. Today’s KEY Questions:
Objective
SWBAT: investigate protein synthesis in order to explain how a gene is used to express a physical trait.
Today’s KEY Questions:
How are proteins CREATED?
How is DNA related to proteins?

3. So…DNA makes us who we are
BUT HOW????
Recall: DNA holds the code! This code is used to eventually make PROTEINS!!!!
PROTEINS are what makes us LOOK the way we LOOK!
Today’s KEY Questions:
How are proteins CREATED?
How is DNA related to proteins?
Proteins control everything our body does!
Proteins are what makes us LOOK the way we LOOK
They are the expression of our body’s DNA or genes *

4. DNA and RNA are needed to make proteins!
Protein synthesis is the process of making proteins.
More specifically, protein synthesis is:
DNA sending information to RNA to make a protein
A→ RNA → Protein
DNA RNA
Step 1
Step 2

5. Big Picture
Protein Synthesis:
Transcription
Translation

6. Let’s Review a few things…
1) What is a gene?
2) What are genes made of?
3) What are the building blocks of proteins?
Part of DNA that codes for a specific trait
DNA
Amino Acids

7. physical traits DNA genes proteins
Proteins are what create your PHYSICAL Traits..
What is the relationship between the following key terms?:
physical traits DNA genes proteins
_____ → ______ → _________ → _________
DNA
genes
proteins
Physical traits

8. PART 1: What are the MAJOR DIFFERENCES between DNA and RNA?
Strand #: SINGLE-stranded DOUBLE-stranded
Sugar: RIBOSE DEOXYribose
3. Bases: Cytosine, Guanine, Cytosine, Guanine
Adenine, URACIL Adenine, Thymine

9. Remember, uracil replaces thymine in RNA …
C pairs with G
and
A pairs with U

10. 3 Types of RNA… Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Each type has a specific ROLE in the cell!

11. Check for understanding!
DNA or RNA?!
DNA
AATCGTAATGCA ______________
Why? _________________________________________
2) CGGUGACCAUGG _____________
Because it has the base T (thymine)
RNA
Because it has the base U (Uracil)

12. Let’s Practice!!
On page 71 in your notebook draw a Venn Diagram and compare and contrast DNA and RNA

13. Warm-Up: Page 69 How are DNA and RNA different? How are they the same?
Different: type of sugar, thymine vs. uracil, strand number, RNA has 3 types
Same: made up of nucleotides, G/A/C
2) What is protein synthesis?
The process of making a protein
DNA to RNA to a protein

14. Big Picture
Protein Synthesis:
Transcription
Translation

15. Process of Transcription:
Step 1: TRANSCRIPTION
Is when…
Occurs in the
_________________
________
DNA
_______
mRNA
transcription
nucleus
DNA is transcribed into mRNA
This happens inside the nucleus. DNA CAN NEVER LEAVE THE NUCLEUS! Why not??
Put it in your own words
Process of Transcription:
Step 1: Double stranded DNA “unzips”
Step 2: RNA bases bond to the DNA strand
**Remember RNA uses U NOT T 2 1 *

16. Transcription…. *

17. Check for understanding
1.What is the major end result of transcription?
2.Where does the process of transcription occur?
3.What are the complimentary strands of mRNA for the DNA template strands:
G G T A T T C A A C A T T T A
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
mRNA
Nucleus C C A U A A G U U G U A A A U

18. Using the dry erase board…
Describe the process of transcription using the key words below. Be prepared to read what you have!
mRNA
DNA
Nucleus
Single-stranded

19. Big Picture
Protein Synthesis:
Transcription
Translation

20. After transcription…
There is a new mRNA strand that was made from the DNA!
The mRNA is ready to leave the nucleus
But…where is it going???

21. Step 2: RNA makes PROTEINS through TRANSLATION
Occurs at the
__________________
mRNA
protein
translation
ribosome
At the ribosome the mRNA is translated into proteins (amino acids) through the process of TRANSLATION.
RNA helpers:
rRNA: makes the ribosome
tRNA: brings the CORRECT amino acids to the ribosome

22. Process of translation
mRNA leaves the nucleus and finds the ribosome
A set of 3 mRNA bases is called a CODON. Each codon “codes” for a single AMINO ACID.
AAG
UUA
CGC
TUG
CODONS!

23. What amino acids do the following codons code for?
Every codon “codes” for a specific AMINO ACID (protein building block)….
What amino acids do the following codons code for?
AUG: Methionine (Start)CUG:Leucine ACC: Threonine UAG:Stop
You try!
GUU: ____ AGU: ______CCU: ______UAU: __________
valine
serine
proline
tyrosine

24. http://www.iusd.org/uhs/cs2/i mages/Codon_Chart.gif

25. A tRNA molecule brings in the CORRECT amino acid for each codon.
 The tRNA is complimentary to the mRNA and is called the anti-codon.
4) Eventually a chain of amino acids is created. This is a PROTEIN!

26. Label the following:
- mRNA
- tRNA
- Amino Acid
Amino acid
tRNA
mRNA

27. Important Review Points…
The correct tRNA molecule will bind to the mRNA and attach an amino acid in the correct sequence
The order of the amino acids determines what protein is made!!!
Which comes first, TRANSCRIPTION or TRANSLATION?
TRANSCRIPTION!!

28. Big Picture
Protein Synthesis:
Transcription
Translation

29. On Dry erase boards: What comes first?...
Transcription or Translation?
mRNA or protein?
DNA or protein?
DNA or mRNA?
Process at the RIBOSOME or process at the NUCLEUS?
Transcription
mRNA
DNA
DNA
NUCLEUS!

30. Answer these questions on a notecard

31. Video clip of protein synthesis…
Journey inside the cell