1. Chapter 12
Services

2. Where did services originate?
Key Issue #1
Where did services originate?

3. Services Service = any activity that fulfills a human want or need
Services are located in settlements
Location of services is important for profitability
Affluent regions tend to offer more services
Local diversity is evident in the provision of services

4. Where Did Services Originate?
Three types of services
Consumer services
About 44 percent of all jobs in the United States
Business services
About 24 percent of all jobs in the United States
Public services
About 17 percent of all jobs in the United States
In the United States, all employment growth has occurred in the services sector

5. Percentage of GDP from Services, 2005
Figure 12-1

6. Employment Change in the United States by Sector
Figure 12-2

7. Where Did Services Originate?
Services in early rural settlements
Early consumer services met societal needs
Examples = burial of the dead, religious centers, manufacturing centers
Early public services probably followed religious activities
Early business services to distribute and store food

8. Where Did Services Originate?
Services in early urban settlements
Services in ancient cities
Earliest urban settlements (e.g., Ur), Athens, Rome
Services in medieval cities
Largest settlements were in Asia
European cities developed with feudalism

9. Where Are Contemporary Services Located?
Services in rural settlements
Half of the world’s population lives in rural settlements
Two types
Clustered rural settlements
Circular or linear
Clustered settlements in Colonial America
Dispersed rural settlements
In the United States
In Great Britain
Enclosure movement

10. Rural Settlement Patterns
Figure 12-10

11. Where Are Contemporary Services Located?
Services in urban settlements
Differences between urban and rural settlements
Large size
High density
Social heterogeneity
Increasing percentage of people in cities
Increasing number of people in cities

12. Percentage of Population Living in Urban Settlements
Figure 12-14

13. Urban Settlements With Populations of at Least 3 Million
Figure 12-15

14. Why are consumer services distributed in a regular pattern?
Key Issue #2
Why are consumer services distributed in a regular pattern?

15. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
Central place theory
First proposed by Walter Christaller (1930s)
Characteristics
A central place has a market area (or hinterland)
Size of a market area
Range-max distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
Threshold-min # of people needed to support a service.

16. Central Place Theory
Fig. 12-5: Hexagons are often used to delineate market areas because they are a compromise between circles, which have edges equidistant from the center but leave gaps, and squares, which don’t leave gaps but whose edges are not equidistant from the center.

17. Market Areas, Range, and Threshold for Kroger Supermarkets
Figure 12-18

18. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
Market-area analysis
The Gravity Model
Predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the # of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.
Consumer behavior reflects 2 patterns:
The greater the # of people living in a place, the greater the # of potential customers for a service.
The farther people are from a particular service, the less likely they are to use it.

19. Optimal Location for a Pizza-Delivery Service
Figure 12-20

20. Central Place Theory
Figure 12-21

21. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
Hierarchy of services and settlements
Rank-size distribution of settlements
Rank-size rule
The country’s nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
For ex, the 2nd largest city is one-half the size of the largest
Primate city rule
The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
The country’s largest city is called a primate city
For ex, Paris is a primate city b/c it has 11m people, while the 2nd largest city, Lyon, has 2m people

22. Rank-Size Distribution in the United States and Indonesia
Figure 12-23

23. Why do services cluster downtown?
Key Issue #4
Why do services cluster downtown?

24. Central Business District
Historically, services of all types clustered in the center of the city, commonly called downtown and known to geographers by the more precise term central business district (CBD).
Recently services, especially retail, have moved from the CBD to the suburbs.

25. Central Business District
3 types of retail activities concentrate in the CBD:
High threshold shops, like department stores, preferred CBDs to give access to many people.
High range shops are very specialized, with customers who patronize infrequently; ex. include expensive jewelry or furs
Shops that serve people who work in the CBD

26. Central Business District
The CBD produces extreme competition for the limited sites available.
Land value in CBDs is very high
Cities have grown vertically—skyscrapers
1st were in Chicago (elevators and iron-frame bldgs)
None in Washington, D.C.