2. Lesson 4 Do you think HIV is a curable disease? Treatment for HIV and AIDS Even though medicines can slow the progress of HIV infection, there is still no vaccine that prevents the disease.

3. Lesson 4 Lesson Objectives Examine how technology has impacted the health of persons with HIV Identify world and community health services available for people living with HIV/AIDS Develop refusal skills and ways to avoid unsafe situations In this lesson, you will learn to:

4. Lesson 4 How HIV Develops A person is considered infectious immediately after contracting the virus. Approximately half of all persons develop symptoms such as fever, rash, headache, body aches, and swollen glands about three to six weeks after becoming infected with HIV. These symptoms disappear within a week to a month and the person enters the asymptomatic stage.asymptomatic stage A person may show no signs of illness for 6 months to 10 years or more, though the viruses continue to grow and the infected person can still transmit the virus to others. Stages of HIV Infection

5. Lesson 4 Symptomatic HIV Infection During the asymptomatic stage, the immune system keeps pace with HIV infection by producing billions of new cells. Eventually the numbers of cells in the immune system decline to the point where other infections start to take over, and this marks the symptomatic stage.symptomatic stage The symptoms may include swollen glands, weight loss, and yeast infections. Stages of HIV Infection

6. Lesson 4 Stages of HIV Infection AIDS During the latter stage of HIV infection, more serious symptoms appear until the infection meets the official definition of AIDS. These symptoms include the presence of HIV infection, a severely damaged immune system measured by numbers of helper T cells, and the appearance of one or more opportunistic infections or illnesses. By the time AIDS develops, HIV has often attacked brain cells, causing difficulty in thinking and remembering.

7. Lesson 4 EIA Test The first test usually performed is an ELISA, or EIA.EIA The EIA may give inaccurate results for two reasons: Developing antibodies takes time. Certain health conditions such as hemophilia, hepatitis, and pregnancy. Detecting HIV

8. Lesson 4 Developing Antibodies Takes Time Developing antibodies takes weeks or even months after initial infection. Before antibodies develop, the EIA may give a false negative result. This result means the test is negative, but the person is positive. Most people will test positive in three to four weeks, but some people take up to six months to test positive. Detecting HIV

9. Lesson 4 Certain Health Conditions Health conditions such as hemophilia, hepatitis, and pregnancy can cause the EIA to give a false positive reading. This means that although the test was positive, the person actually does not have the infection. Detecting HIV

10. Lesson 4 Detecting HIV Western Blot Test If the EIA test is positive, it can be repeated to make sure the results are accurate. If the repeat test is also positive, other confirmation tests, such as the Western blot (WB) test, will be done.Western blot (WB) If done properly, this test is 100 percent accurate. If the results of all three of these tests are positive, a person is determined to have HIV.

11. Lesson 4 The Impact of the Availability of Health Services Difficulties with Treating HIV None of the drugs and vaccines being researched cure HIV/AIDS because HIV infects the very cells that regulate the immune response. Several new strains of the virus have emerged since it was first discovered, making it even harder to develop an effective treatment. Some people stop treatment or take medicines only once in a while due to severe side effects, which can lead to the development of new, drug-resistant strains of the virus. Treatment can be costly, exceeding $1,000 a month.

12. Lesson 4 Drug-Resistant Strains of HIV Much of the decrease in AIDS cases results from the success of drug cocktails—combinations of drugs—that slow the progression of HIV infection. This success has brought a false security about the need for HIV prevention. However, research has identified new, drug-resistant strains of HIV. The combination of drug resistance and high-risk behaviors could result in HIV strains that are transmitted and spread even more widely. HIV/AIDS—A Continuing Problem

13. Lesson 4 HIV/AIDS: The Global Picture At the end of 2002, an estimated 40 million people worldwide were infected with HIV/AIDS. This statistic means that HIV is now pandemic.pandemic The number of people living with HIV is growing. HIV/AIDS—A Continuing Problem

14. Lesson 4 Staying Informed About HIV/AIDS Knowledge is the first defense against infection from HIV. New research can be found in newspapers and magazines and on television, radio, and the Internet. The CDC, state health departments, and community health services are excellent sources of information. Teachers, school counselors, and physicians can provide guidance on how to find information. HIV/AIDS—A Continuing Problem

15. Lesson 4 Abstinence and HIV/AIDS During your teen years, you may feel pressure to experiment with new behaviors, such as engaging in sexual activity or using drugs. Consider that your actions today can change the entire course of your life. Choosing to remain abstinent shows that you are taking an active role in caring for your own health and acting responsibly by not jeopardizing the well-being of others. HIV/AIDS—A Continuing Problem

16. Lesson 4 HIV/AIDS—A Continuing Problem Refusal Skills to Avoid Sexual Activity and Drugs Avoid situations and events where drug use or the pressure to engage in sexual activity is likely to occur. Be firm when you refuse to take part in drug use or sexual activity and use body language as well as words to get your message across. Avoid forming a dating relationship with someone whom you know to be sexually active or a drug user.

17. Lesson 4 Quick Review True False Q. Asymptomatic HIV infection is a period of time during which a person infected with HIV has no symptoms. Choose the appropriate option.

18. Lesson 4 Quick Review - Answer Click Next to attempt another question. A. True. Asymptomatic HIV infection is a period of time during which a person infected with HIV has no symptoms.

19. Lesson 4 Quick Review True False Q. If the EIA test is positive, it is repeated to make sure the results are accurate. If the repeat test is also positive, a confirmation test, such as the Western blot, is performed. Choose the appropriate option.

20. Lesson 4 A. True. If the EIA test is positive, it is repeated to make sure the results are accurate. If the repeat test is also positive, a confirmation test, such as the Western blot is performed. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

21. Lesson 4 Quick Review True False Q. New therapies have extended the lives of people with HIV/AIDS but have caused some to believe that HIV/AIDS is a bigger threat than ever. Choose the appropriate option.

22. Lesson 4 Click Next to attempt another question. A. False. New therapies have extended the lives of people with HIV/AIDS but have caused some to believe that HIV/AIDS is a no longer a threat. Quick Review - Answer

23. Lesson 4 Quick Review True False Q. People in the United States have no better access to AIDS treatment than do people in developing nations. Choose the appropriate option.

24. Lesson 4 Click Next to attempt another question. A. False. People in the United States have better access to AIDS treatment than do people in developing nations. Quick Review - Answer

25. Lesson 4 End of Lesson 4 Click Home to view the Main menu.

26. Lesson 4 A person is considered infectious immediately after contracting the virus. Approximately half of all persons develop symptoms such as fever, rash, headache, body aches, and swollen glands about three to six weeks after becoming infected with HIV. These symptoms disappear within a week to a month and the person enters the asymptomatic stage.asymptomatic stage A person may show no signs of illness for 6 months to 10 years or more, though the viruses continue to grow and the infected person can still transmit the virus to others. How HIV Develops The asymptomatic stage is a period of time during which a person infected with HIV has no symptoms. Stages of HIV Infection

27. Lesson 4 Symptomatic HIV Infection During the asymptomatic stage, the immune system keeps pace with HIV infection by producing billions of new cells. Eventually the numbers of cells in the immune system decline to the point where other infections start to take over, and this marks the symptomatic stage. The symptoms may include swollen glands, weight loss, and yeast infections. The symptomatic stage is the stage in which a person infected with HIV has symptoms as a result of a severe drop in immune cells. Stages of HIV Infection

28. Lesson 4 The first test usually performed is an ELISA, or EIA.EIA The EIA may give inaccurate results for two reasons: Developing antibodies takes time. Certain health conditions such as hemophilia, hepatitis, and pregnancy. EIA Test EIA is a test that screens for the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood. Detecting HIV

29. Lesson 4 If the EIA test is positive, it can be repeated to make sure the results are accurate. If the repeat test is also positive, other confirmation tests, such as the Western blot (WB) test, will be done.Western blot If done properly, this test is 100 percent accurate. If the results of all three of these tests are positive, a person is determined to have HIV. Western Blot Test The Western blot, or WB, is the most common confirmation test for HIV in the United States. Detecting HIV

30. Lesson 4 HIV/AIDS: The Global Picture At the end of 2002, an estimated 40 million people worldwide were infected with HIV/AIDS. This statistic means that HIV is now pandemic. The number of people living with HIV is growing. Pandemic refers to a global outbreak of infectious disease. HIV/AIDS—A Continuing Problem

31. Lesson 4 A. Correct! Asymptomatic HIV infection is a period of time during which a person infected with HIV has no symptoms. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

32. Lesson 4 You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer. Quick Review - Answer

33. Lesson 4 A. Correct! If the EIA test is positive, it is repeated to make sure the results are accurate. If the repeat test is also positive, a confirmation test, such as the Western blot is performed. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

34. Lesson 4 You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer. Quick Review - Answer

35. Lesson 4 A. Correct! New therapies have extended the lives of people with HIV/AIDS but have caused some to believe that HIV/AIDS is a no longer a threat. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

36. Lesson 4 You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer. Quick Review - Answer

37. Lesson 4 A. Correct! People in the United States have better access to AIDS treatment than do people in developing nations. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

38. Lesson 4 You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer. Quick Review - Answer