1. A proposed study of neutrino- induced strange-particle production reactions at the MINER A Experiment (E-938 Fermilab) Dr. Nickolas Solomey Illinois Inst. of Technology 29 June 2004

2. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Founding Institutes: D. Drakoulakos, P. Stamoulis, G. Tzanakos, M. Zois University of Athens, Athens, Greece D. Casper University of California, Irvine, California E. Paschos University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany D. A. Harris, M. Kostin, J.G. Morfin, P. Shanahan Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois M.E. Christy, W. Hinton, C.E.Keppel Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia R. Burnstein, A. Chakravorty, O. Kamaev, N. Solomey Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois I. Niculescu. G..Niculescu James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia M.A.C. Cummings, V. Rykalin Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois W.K. Brooks, A. Bruell, R. Ent, D. Gaskell,, W. Melnitchouk, S. Wood Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia S. Boyd, D. Naples, V. Paolone University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania A. Bodek, H. Budd, J. Chvojka, P. de Babaro, S. Manly, K. McFarland, I.C. Park, W. Sakumoto, R. Teng University of Rochester, Rochester, New York R. Gilman, C. Glasshausser, X. Jiang, G. Kumbartzki, K. McCormick, R. Ransome Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey H. Gallagher, T. Kafka, W.A. Mann, W. Oliver Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts Red = HEP, Blue = NP, Green = Theorist

3. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Outline To use a uniquely intense and well-understood  beam And a fine-grained, fully-active neutrino detector To collect a large sample of  and scattering events To perform a wide variety of physics studies of special interest to some is the production of strange particles by neutrinos Survey of Physics Topics Description and Performance of the Detector Detailed plans for the strange particle study

4. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT To use a uniquely intense and well-understood  beam. The NuMI Beam. By changing the position of the easily-movable target with respect to the horns, the energy of the neutrino beam can be quickly changed. For MINOS, the majority of the running will be in the “low-energy” (LE) configuration. There will be shorter runs in the ME and HE.configuration as well.

5. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Location in NuMI Near Hall MINER A plans to be located upstream of MINOS, as close as possible, to use MINOS as the muon ranger.

6. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT LE-configuration: Events- (E  >0.35 GeV) E peak = 3.0 GeV, = 10.2 GeV, rate = 80 K events/ton - 10 20 pot ME-configuration: Events- E peak = 6.0 GeV, = 8.0 GeV, rate = 160 K events/ton - 10 20 pot HE-configuration: Events- E peak = 9.0 GeV, = 12.0 GeV, rate = 260 K events/ton - 10 20 pot To collect a large sample of  and scattering events… Units of 10 20 Year total POT LE ME HE LEB MEB HEB 2006 3.0 3.0 2007 4.0 3.0 0.7 0.3 2008 4.0 2.5 1.0 0.5 2009 4.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 TOTAL 15.0 7.0 1.2 0.8 3.0 1.5 1.5  Event Rates per ton ProcessCC NC Quasi-elastic103 K 42 K Resonance196 K 70 K Transition210 K 65 K DIS420 K125 K Coherent 8.4 K 4.2 K TOTAL940 K288 K Typical Fiducial Volume = 3 tons CH, 1 ton Fe and 1 ton Pb

7. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT To perform a wide variety of physics studies Quasi-elastic ( + n -->    + p, 300 K events off 3 tons CH) - A. Bodek and H. Budd –Precision measurement of  E ) and d  /dQ important for neutrino oscillation studies. –Precision determination of axial vector form factor (F A ), particularly at high Q 2 –Study of proton intra-nuclear scattering and their A-dependence (C, Fe and Pb targets) Resonance Production (e.g. + N ---> /    600 K total, 450K 1  ) - S. Wood –Precision measurement of  and d  /dQ  for individual channels –Detailed comparison with dynamic models, comparison of electro- & photo production, the resonance-DIS transition region -- duality –Study of nuclear effects and their A-dependence e.g. 1   2  3  final states Coherent  Production ( + A --> /    25 K CC / 12.5 K NC  - H. Gallagher –Precision measurement of  for NC and CC channels –Comparison with theoretical models

8. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT To perform a wide variety of physics studies - continued Nuclear Effects (C, Fe and Pb targets)- A. Bruell and J. G. M. –Final-state intra-nuclear interactions. Measure multiplicities & E vis off C, Fe, Pb. –Measure NC/CC as a function of E H off C, Fe and Pb. –Measure shadowing, anti-shadowing and EMC-effect as well as flavor-dependent nuclear effects and extract nuclear parton distributions. MINER A and Oscillation Physics - H. Gallagher and D. A. Harris –MINER A measurements enable precision in measure of  m, sin 2  23 in MINOS –MINER A measurements important for  13 in MINOS and off-axis experiments –MINER A measurements as foundation for measurement of possible CP and CPT violations in the  sector  T and Structure Functions (2.8 M total /1.2 M DIS events) - C.Keppel and J.Morfin –Precision measurement of low-energy total and partial cross-sections –Understand resonance-DIS transition region - duality studies with neutrinos –Detailed study of high-x Bj region: extract pdf’s and leading exponentials over 1.2M DIS events

9. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT To perform a wide variety of physics studies - continued Strange and Charm Particle Production (> 100K fully reconstructed exclusive events) N. Solomey and T. Mann –Exclusive channel  E ) precision measurements - is of interest to cosmology –Look for Forbidden FCNC processes. –A large sample can be used to measure CKM matrix elements. –Statistics sufficient to reignite theorists attempt for a predictive phenomenology –Exclusive charm production channels at charm threshold to constrain m c Generalized Parton Distributions (few K events) - W. Melnitchouk and R. Ransome –Provide unique combinations of GPDs, not accessible in electron scattering (e.g. C-odd, or valence-only GPDs), to map out a precise 3-dimensional image of the nucleon. MINER A would expect a few K signature events in 4 years. –Provide better constraints on nucleon (nuclear) GPDs, leading to a more definitive determination of the orbital angular momentum carried by quarks and gluons in the nucleon (nucleus) –provide constraints on axial form factors, including transition nucleon --> N* form factors

10. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Strange and Charm Particle Production Existing Strange Particle Production Gargamelle-PS - 15  events. FNAL - ≈ 100 events ZGS - 7 events BNL - 8 events Larger NOMAD inclusive sample expected MINER A Exclusive States 100x earlier samples 3 tons and 4 years  S = 0  - K +     -   K +     -  + K 0     -   K + p    -   K +   p    S = 1  - K + p   - K 0 p   -  + K 0n   S = 0 - Neutral Current  K +     K 0     K 0    Theory: Initial attempts at a predictive phenomenology stalled in the 70’s due to lack of constraining data. MINERvA will focus on exclusive channel strange particle production - fully reconstructed events (small fraction of total events) but still. Important for background calculations of nucleon decay experiments With extended running could study single hyperon production to greatly extend form factor analyses New measurements of charm production near threshold which will improve the determination of the charm-quark effective mass.

11. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Strange and Charm Particle Production Looking for interactions with only 1 strange particles produced without a charged lepton would be Strangeness Changing Neutral Current. Anti-neutrino running with a large sample of beta decay interactions would let us measure V us outside of a Hyperon or K meson decay potential. Looking for 4-body beta decay type interactions and the forbidden mode will allow us to get at understanding if the neutrino is Dirac or Majorana in nature. p +  p + + K 0 p +   + + +  0 p +   + +  0 p +   + +   +  0 p +   + +   +  + p +   - +   +  -

12. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Goals of MINER A Require… Identification and separation of exclusive final states –Quasi-elastic  n  – p, e n  e – p –Single  0,  ± final states –Muon and electron energy measurement Must observe recoil protons –Important for n  – p, n  – p  0, etc.  0,  – reconstruction. Hadronic energy –Adds a lot of mass. B-field for charge Nuclear targets (high A, Fe of interest for MINOS)

13. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Detector Overview Active target, surrounded by calorimeters –upstream calorimeters are Pb, Fe targets Magnetized side and downstream tracker/calorimeter

14. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Fully-Active Target: Extruded Scintillator Basic element: 1.7x3.3cm triangular strips. 1.2mm WLS fiber readout in grove at bottom Assemble into planes Absorbers between planes e.g., E- or H-CAL, nuclear targets Or replace strips with absorber (outer detector) X-ViewU/V-View

15. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Active Target Module More on construction, calorimeters later Planes of strips are hexagonal –rotate 60º to get U,V views –X+U+X+V make a module Inner, fully-active strip detector Outer Detector magnetized sampling calorimeter

16. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Light Yield Critical question: does light yield allow for low quantum efficiency photosensor? Study: use MINOS light MC, normalized to MINOS results, MINER A strips Sufficient light, even for single-ended fiber readout, with MAPMT Quantum Efficiencies… Fully Active Detector Strips 4m Muon Ranger/Veto Strips Average PE/MIP vs Distance from Edge 10 PE

17. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Tracking in Active Target technique pioneered by D0 upgrade pre-shower detector Coordinate resolution from triangular geometry is excellent   ~2-3 mm in transverse direction from light sharing 3.3cm

18. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Proton Reconstruction Reminder: proton tracks from quasi-elastic events are typically short. Want sensitivity to p p ~500 MeV 575 MeV/c momentum 170 MeV kinetic energy reconstructed track

19. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Performance: Vertex Reconstruction Excellent tracking resolution (results from full GEANT MC, Kalman filter track fitter) Two-track vertex resolutionResolution vs. multiplicity

20. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Performance: DIS Kinematics Reconstruction inclusive reconstruction shown W resolution to separate resonance from DIS independent of exclusive reconstruction Q 2 resolution for form factor measurements x resolution for valence/sea y resolution for quark/antiquark

21. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Performance: Particle Identification   p Chi2 differences between right and best wrong hypothesis Particle ID by dE/dx in strips Many dE/dx samples for good discrimination

22. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Calorimeters Three types of calorimeters in MINER A –ECAL: between each sampling plane, 1/16” Pb laminated with 10mil stainless (X 0 /3) –HCAL: between each sampling plane, 1” steel ( 0 /6) –OD: 4” and 2” steel between radial sampling layers ECAL and HCAL absorbers are plates, rings HCAL DS ECAL Side ECAL

23. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Performance:  0 Energy and Angle Reconstruction   0 ’s cleanly identified   0 energy resolution   0 angular resolution better than smearing from physics Coherent, resonance events with  0

24. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Detector Performance with Strange Particle Good granularity to see separated vertex from production point Particle ID, electromagnetic and hadronic Calorimeter Momentum measurement and invariant mass reconstruction

25. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Modular Design a necessary part of installation in NuMI near hall is that detector should be constructed in thin modules –each module consists of four planes of active inner detector, absorbers and outer detector flexibility in design –MINER A can run stand-alone –or can use MINOS as long muon catcher

26. 29 June 2004Dr. Nickolas SolomeyBEACH 2004 - IIT Summary The opportunity: NuMI –NuMI is at the intensity frontier of neutrino physics for the latter half of the decade and beyond –Spacious near detector hall is terra firma for parasitic near detector experiments happy to run with beam driven by MINOS –Opens a new field: “JLab of neutrinos” Rich physics program in its own right and support for oscillation program