1. 02. AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT
AGROECOLOGY

2. What is an ecosystem, and how can we study one?
Is the earth an open or closed system with respect to energy and elements?
How do we define "biogeochemical cycles," and how are they important to ecosystems?
What are the major controls on ecosystem function?
What are the major factors responsible for the differences between ecosystems?

3. The concept of the agroecosystem is based on ecological principles
NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS

4. Gambar. Spektrum Ekologi
Gen
Sel
Organ
Organisme
Populasi
Komunitas
Mineral/materi
Sel
Sistem
Organ
Sistem
Organisme
Sistem
Populasi
Sistem
Ekosistem
Gambar. Spektrum Ekologi

5. Organization of Life Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms

6. Scales of Ecological Organization

7. INDIVIDU?POPULASI ? KOMUNITAS ?C A B

8. Autecology/Physiological ecology
INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM
Tissues
Organs
systems
Molecules
Organs
Cells
Autecology/Physiological ecology
Organism
Concerned :
how is a organism response the environmental factors?
How is a individual organism tolerance to stresses in environment where it will live?

9. POPULATIONS
A population is a group of individuals of the same species inhabiting the same area at the same time.
Important characteristics:
Population size, density, and dispersion
Birth and death rates
Growth rates
Age structure
Genetic Diversity

10. Characteristics of Populations
Population size, density, and dispersion
Birth and death rates
Growth rates
Age structure
Genetic Diversity

11. POPULATIONS Population ecology Concerned :
Important in determining the factors that control population size and growth
relation to the capacity of the environment to support population over time

12. Population Ecology
A population is a group of plants, animals, or other organisms, all of the same species, that live together and reproduce.
The important of population ecology
Numbers of individuals in a population
Population dynamics: how and why those numbers increase or decrease over time
Population ecologists try to determine the processes common to all populations

13. Population Ecology in Action
Biologists in applied disciplines such as
Forestry
Agronomy (crop science)
Wildlife management
Must manage populations of economic importance
Prevent threatened or endangered species from extinction

14. COMMUNITIES
Communities an assemblage of populations of many species living together in the same location at the same time.
The important thing :
Community structure and functioning
Community Biodiversity
Number and types of species
Relative abundance of species
Interactions among species
Community Development
Community resilience to disturbance
Nutrient and energy flow

15. COMMUNITIES Community ecology Concerned :
How the interactions of organism affect the distribution and abundance of the different species

16. ECOSYSTEMS
Ecosystems are composed of all the communities and their physical, chemical, and biological processes.
Ecosystems sustain themselves entirely through energy flow through food chains, and nutrient recycling.

17. Example:
In Watershed

18. Components of Ecosystem
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
Sunlight
Primary producers
Temperature
Herbivores
Precipitation
Carnivores
Water or moisture
Omnivores
Soil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NH4+)
Detritivores
etc.
All of these vary over space/time

19. Biosphere
The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be called the zone of life on Earth. From the broadest biophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere

20. Structural Properties of Communities
Species Diversity
Dominance and Relative Abundance
Vegetative Structure (ex: grassland, forest )
Trophic Structure
Stability

23. Figure. Relationships within an ecosystem

24. NATURAL ECOSYSTEM

25. Processes of Ecosystems
How ecosystems function:
Ecosystems have energy flows and ecosystems materials cycles.
Ecosystems have nutrient cycles

26. 1. Energy flows and materials cycles
Figure. Energy flows and material cycles.

30. 2. Energy flows and nutrient cycles
Figure. Relationship between energy flow and nutrient cycle

31. Biochemical cycles in ecosystem1.

33. 2. The carbon cycle

35. 3. The phosphorus cycle

37. AGROECOSYSTEM

38. AGROECOSYSTEM VS. NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
Natural ecosystem is closed, or at least, unmanaged ecosystem
Closed ecosystem—all elements recycled through ecosystem—not often pure closed ecosystems anymore—humans frequently involved
Agroecosystem is an open ecosystem, or managed ecosystem:
Producer moves plants, animals, environmental factors (fertilizers, feed) in & out of ecosystem
Will not continue on its own without management
If left alone, would progress toward closed ecosystem, but probably not the same as original ecosystem before agriculture without human input again

39. Characteristics Agroecosystem Natural Ecosystem
Productivity
High
Low
Species diversity
Low (monoculture)—can use crop rotation and intercropping to stabilize more
Genetic diversity within species
Plant life-cycles present
Few
All, more perennial
Competition
Negative
Tolerable (ecological niche)
Flowering, plant maturing
Synchronized
Seasonal
Nutrient Cycles
Open
Closed
Permanence
Short
Long
Human Control
Ecological Maturity
Early, immature
Mature, climax

40. ENERGY FLOW

41. Figure 2.7 Functional components of an agroecosystem.

42. POPULATION REGULATING MECHANISM
Crop Populations
Natural Plant Population
(also true of weeds)
Seed brought in by producer
Seed produced mostly by local plants
High seed viability
Variable seed viability
Uniform seed dispersal
Non-uniform seed dispersal
Low dormancy, carryover of seed
Possibility of dormancy, delayed germination (carryover)
Uniform soils
Variable soil types
Uniform population age, genetics
Diverse population age, genetics
Even spacing within species
Variable spacing within species
High allocation of plant resources to reproduction (seed)
Allocation to seed production may be lower

43. NUTRIENT CYCLING Inputs: Plant residue Animal wastes Animal residue
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
AGROECOSYSTEM
Inputs:
Plant residue
Animal wastes
Animal residue
Atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation
Outputs:
Plants animals
grazing on plants
Denitrification
Run-off
leaching
Using the soil as a pool of nutrients:
Inputs:
Fertilizers
Crop residues
Atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation
Outputs:
Crops  then removal from area
Erosion
Leaching
Run-off
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45. ASSIGNMENT 1. Cari contoh suatu ekosistem .
Tuliskan semua komponen yang ada di
dalam komunitas tersebut
Jelaskan proses yang terjadi di dalam
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46. Thank You !