1. Topics in Signal Processing Project Proposal
Sujatha Gopalakrishnan

2. Basic Acronyms HEVC- High Efficiency Video Coding TU- Transform Unit
PU- Prediction Unit
CU- Coding Unit
JCT-VC - Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding
Tmuc – Test Model under Consideration
HM- HEVC Test Model
DCT- Discrete Cosine Transform
MC- Motion Compensation
SAO- Sample Adaptive Offset
ME- Motion estimation

3. HEVC
High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) [1][2] is a Video Compression standard, a successor to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC [22]. HEVC is said to double the data compression ratio compared to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC [1] at the same level of video quality [2].
The design of most video coding standards is primarily aimed at having the highest coding efficiency.
The main goal of the HEVC standardization effort is to enable significantly improved compression performance relative to existing standards, in the range of 50% bit rate reduction for equal perceptual video quality [10] [11].

4. Block Diagram HEVC Encoder Figure 1: HEVC Encoder [2]

5. Block Diagram HEVC Decoder Figure 2: HEVC Decoder [3]

6. HEVC Lossless Coding
The lossless coding mode of HEVC main profile bypasses transform quantization and in-loop filters as shown in the fig.2 [4] [19].
Comparing it with non-lossless coding mode, it has smallest quantization parameter value.
Lossless coding mode provides perfect fidelity and average bit rate reduction.
Outperforms the existing lossless compression solution such as JPEG-2000 [22] and JPEG-LS [22].
It employs Sample Angular based Intra Prediction(SAP) [4].

7. Block Diagram HEVC Lossless Coding Figure 3: HEVC lossless Algorithm Block Diagram [4]

8. Algorithm of Sample Based Angular Intra Prediction
The SAP [4] is designed to better exploit the spatial redundancy in the lossless coding mode by generating intra prediction samples from adjacent neighbors. The design principle here is very similar to the sample-based DPCM in [21] [4] H.264/MPEG-4 AVC [20] [4] lossless coding, but SAP is fully harmonized with the HEVC block-based angular intra prediction, and can be applied to all the angular intra prediction modes specified in HEVC [4].
As shown in the fig.7 SAP is performed sample by sample. The adjacent neighboring samples,  of the current sample   in the current PU are used for prediction.

9. SAP Algorithm Figure 4: Algorithm of SAP [4]

10. Projected Enhancement in the Project
Complete Study of HEVC Lossless Coding [4].
Performance analysis of HEVC Lossless Mode using HM16.0 [18] software.
Performance analysis of SAP [4] using HM16.0 [18] software.

11. References
[1] G.J. Sullivan et al, “Overview of the high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard”, IEEE Trans. CSVT, vol. 22, pp , Dec 2012.
[2] G.J. Sullivan et al, “Standardized Extensions of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)”, IEEE Journal of selected topics in Signal Processing, vol.7, pp , Dec 2013.
[3] C. Fogg, “Suggested figures for the HEVC specification”, ITU-T/ISO/IEC Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) document JCTVC- J0292r1, July 2012.
[4] M. Zhou et al, “HEVC lossless coding and improvements”, IEEE Trans. CSVT, vol.22, pp , Dec 2013.
[5] N. Purnachand et al, "Fast Motion Estimation Algorithm for HEVC", IEEE Second International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Berlin (ICCE-Berlin), vol.11, pp.34-37, Sep 2012.

12. [6] P. Hanhart et al, “ Subjective quality evaluation of the upcoming HEVC video compression standard”, SPIE Optical Engineering+ Applications. International Society for Optics and Photonics, vol. 8499, pp.84990v-84990v, Aug 2012.
[7] M. Horowitz et al, “Informal subjective quality comparison of video compression performance of the HEVC and H.264/MPEG - 4 AVC standards for low delay applications”, SPIE Optical Engineering+ Applications. International Society for Optics and Photonics, vol.84990, pp.84990w-84990w, Aug 2012.
[8] A. Abdelazim, W. Masri and B. Noaman, "Motion estimation optimization tools for the emerging high efficiency video coding (HEVC)", IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging. International Society for Optics and Photonics, vol. 9029, pp , Feb 17.
[9] M. Jakubowski and G. Pastuszak, “Block-based motion estimation algorithms-a survey”, Journal of Opto-Electronics Review, vol. 21, pp , Mar 2013.

13. [10] B. Bross et al, “High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Text Specification Draft 10”, Document JCTVC-L1003, ITU-T/ISO/IEC Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC), Jan. 2013, available on ​
[11] J. Ascenso et al, "Improving Frame Interpolation with Spatial Motion Smoothing for Pixel Domain Distributed Video Coding", 5th EURASIP Conference on Speech and Image Processing, Multimedia Communications and Services, pp.1-6, Smolenice, Slovak Republic, July 2005. 
[12] X. Wang et al, “Paralleling Variable Block Size Motion Estimation of HEVC on Multicore CPU plus GPU platform”, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), vol.22, pp , Sep
[13] Introduction to parallel computing

14. [14] L. Zhao et al, “Group-Based Fast mode decision algorithm for intra prediction in HEVC”, IEEE Eighth international Conference on Signal Image Technology and Internet based Systems. Article no , pp , Nov 2011.
[15] V. Sze and M. Budagavi, "High Throughput CABAC Entropy Coding in HEVC", IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol.22, no.12, pp , Dec 2012.
[16] T.Nguyen et al, "Transform Coding Techniques in HEVC", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, vol.7, pp.978–989, Dec 2013.
[17] HEVC tutorial by I.E.G. Richardson:
[18] HEVC Reference Software HM

15. [19] B. Bross et al,“High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)Text Specification Draft 8”, JCT-VC document, JCTVC-J1003, Stockholm, Sweden, Jul
[20] Joint Video Team, “Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services”, ITU-T Rec. H.264 and ISO/IEC, (MPEG-4) AVC, pp.H.100-H.869, Feb 2014.
[21] Y.L. Lee et al, "Improved lossless intra coding for H.264/MPEG-4 AVC", IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol.15, no.9, pp , Sep 2006.
[22]K.R. Rao, D.N Kim and J.J Hwang, “High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Revised/Updated Chapter from the book Video Coding Standards”–Springer 2014.
[23] ITU-T website:
[24] JCT-VC documents are publicly available at and

16. [25] V. Sze, M. Budagavi, and G. J
[25] V.Sze, M. Budagavi, and G.J. Sullivan, “High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)” Springer, 2014.
[26] Software reference manual for HM:
        
[27] M. Wien, “High efficiency video coding: Tools and specification”, Springer, 2015.
[28] I.E. Richardson, “Coding video: A practical guide to HEVC and beyond”, Wiley, 11 May 2015.
[29] Video Sequences: