2. Habsburg Emperor: Leopold His reign was marked by warfare Positioned between France and Ottoman Turks, often had to fight both at same time Leopold was a life long rival of Louis XIV and France, but managed to keep balance of power in Europe Unlike Louis XIV, Leopold did not have a goal of absolutism (empire too large and population too diverse)

3. 1657 Unexpectedly became H.R.E. and head of Austrian Habsburgs (elder brother had died from smallpox) Destined for career in Church, not very good monarch in beginning, religious throughout life Married 3 times, 16 sons and daughters 5 of whom outlived him Musician, Bookworm, Reserved Schönbrunn to rival Versailles

4. 1683 Turkish army, led by Ottoman chief minister Kara Mustafa, besieged Vienna Leopold fled and then rallied for support of princes Untied force defeated Mustafa in 2 months Mustafa was beheaded Christmas Day because of displeasing the sultan After Turks were defeated Habsburgs could reconquer Hungary

5. Hungarian Diet- Leopold convinced deputies crown should be hereditary not elected and Hungarians denounced right to rebel against rulers who did not follow kingdom laws Leopold still did not trust Hungarians Had rebelled against him in past Dressed distinctly, spoke own language-Magyar Turkish occupation had devastated Hungarian countryside and agriculture, left unoccupied farmland Leopold encouraged resettlement in Hungary (promised limited freedom from royal taxes and serfdom) Bohemian, Serbs, and Germans resettled in Hungary- many religions In 1526 the Hungarians made up 85% of population, in 1700 made up 40%

6. 1690 Turks tried to retake Hungary but defeated 1697 Turks defeated again at Zenta 1699 Treaty of Carlowitz Treaty between Austrian Habsburgs and Ottoman Turks confirming Habsburgs conquest of Hungary Ottomans lost Hungary, but remained in Balkans and challenged Russia from northern Black Sea

7. During war of Spanish Succession Francis II Rákóczi, a Transylvanian prince, led a rebellion against the Habsburgs, determined for Hungary’s traditional rights War, plague devastated kingdom during rebellion (almost 500,oo died) Rákóczi saught protection from sultan, died in exile Peace of Szatmár- Treaty in 1711, united Hungary to Habsburg lands through a common ruler

8. Land socially polarized Top=magnates Powerful nobles in Habsburg lands who owned huge agricultural estates run by serfs Entire towns under one families exclusive control Serfdom expanded in 16 th and 17 th century-need for laborers for grain and timber Bound to soil to prevent them from moving to more peaceful areas Worked estates without compensation Leopold tried to reduce the days of work without compensation 3 days, but didn’t work because landlords had direct control of serfs, not Habsburgs

9. Leopold never had direct control over subjects Habsburg state characterized by religious and ethnic diversity Leopold died in 1705. 2 sons Joseph I (r. 1705-1711) and Charles VI (r. 1711-1740) Joseph died during war of Spanish Succession Europe feared balance would be thrown off because Austrian Habsburg succession in Spain Treaty of Utrecht ended war of Spanish Succession

10. Charles VI did not reform Habsburg state devoted to: 1. making sure his brother’s daughter didn’t succeed him 2. making sure his daughter Maria Theresa did Charles VI coaxed magnates into recognizing her succession 1740 Charles VI died War of the Austrian Succession Frederick II of Prussia attacked Maria Theresa during war New war showed Habsburg weakness

11. North of Habsburg land Arose from Thirty Years’ War Poor and lacked resources France and Habsburgs had Strong ruler Consolidated territories, strengthened the state administration, raised revenue, and enlarged the army

12. Frederick William von Hohenzolleron Great Elector, ruled Brandenburg and territories form Rhineland to Polish border: Cleves, Mark, Brandenburg, Berlin, and duchy of Prussia Were all weak lands Devastation from Thirty Year’s War and some under foreign occupation Population of land had fallen by 50% since 1618 1660 F.W.H. master of independent Prussia

13. To build up army needed more taxes Diet of Brandenburg: F.W.H. obtained 6 year grant from local political assemblies to tax Wanted excise tax (on sale items), but vetoed Country paid land tax Town excise tax Prussia didn’t like idea of taxes Frederick William introduced two tiered system with same result Political power more consolidated under Frederick William. Outside source of revenue- Hohenzollerns had large family landholdings- administrated by Dodo zu Knyphausen Frederick William encouraged economic growth along mercantilist lines

14. In 1713 succeeded King Frederick Violent and crude, but successful ruler Strict Calvinist (Prussia Lutheran) Believed in absolutist principle subject to God alone- subjects obey him without question Spent time with military men smoking and getting drunk- would set people on fire for amusement Stalked streets of Berlin beat people with cane Pursued policies of strengthening royal administration and enlarging army

15. Expanded excise tax to new commodities, directly taxed nobility of East Prussia Abolished town councils General Directory- 1723 created Prussian central administrative agency Personal absolutist Government produced a large army- at his death (1740) fourth largest in Europe

16. Succeeded his father in 1740 Refined, accomplished flute player and composer, lover of philosophical discussion Treated violently by his father (beaten, solitary confinement, made to witness his friend’s beheading) Attacked Charles VI’s successor Marie Theresa- starting War of the Austrian Succession